{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T20:33:17Z","timestamp":1770841997336,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":49,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF)","award":["407540_167173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["407540_167173"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3386367.3431313","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]],"date-time":"2020-11-24T22:53:05Z","timestamp":1606258385000},"page":"218-231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Finding hard-to-find data plane bugs with a PTA"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Pietro","family":"Bressana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana"}]},{"given":"Noa","family":"Zilberman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Soul\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1_1","unstructured":"2017. Undefined behaviors - P416 Language Specification. https:\/\/p4.org\/p4-spec\/docs\/P4-16-v1.0.0-spec.html#sec-undefined-behaviors. (2017).  2017. Undefined behaviors - P4 16 Language Specification. https:\/\/p4.org\/p4-spec\/docs\/P4-16-v1.0.0-spec.html#sec-undefined-behaviors. (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_1","unstructured":"2019. Introduction to NPLSpec. (2019). https:\/\/github.com\/nplang\/NPL-Spec.  2019. Introduction to NPLSpec. (2019). https:\/\/github.com\/nplang\/NPL-Spec."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2014.6915433"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_5_1","unstructured":"Barefoot-Networks. 2018. Barefoot Tofino. (June 2018). https:\/\/barefootnetworks.com\/products\/brief-tofino\/  Barefoot-Networks. 2018. Barefoot Tofino. (June 2018). https:\/\/barefootnetworks.com\/products\/brief-tofino\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2656877.2656890"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_7_1","unstructured":"Gordon Brebner. 2018. Extending the range of P4 programmability. (2018). Keynote.  Gordon Brebner. 2018. Extending the range of P4 programmability. (2018). Keynote."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MM.2014.19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_9_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th USENIX Conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI'08)","author":"Cadar Cristian","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cristian Cadar , Daniel Dunbar , and Dawson Engler . 2008 . KLEE: Unassisted and Automatic Generation of High-coverage Tests for Complex Systems Programs . In Proceedings of the 8th USENIX Conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI'08) . 209--224. http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=1855741.1855756 Cristian Cadar, Daniel Dunbar, and Dawson Engler. 2008. KLEE: Unassisted and Automatic Generation of High-coverage Tests for Complex Systems Programs. In Proceedings of the 8th USENIX Conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI'08). 209--224. http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=1855741.1855756"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1085130.1085145"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_11_1","volume-title":"Paxos Made Switch-y. SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review (CCR) 44 (April","author":"Dang Huynh Tu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huynh Tu Dang , Marco Canini , Fernando Pedone , and Robert Soul\u00e9 . 2016. Paxos Made Switch-y. SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review (CCR) 44 (April 2016 ), 87--95. Huynh Tu Dang, Marco Canini, Fernando Pedone, and Robert Soul\u00e9. 2016. Paxos Made Switch-y. SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review (CCR) 44 (April 2016), 87--95."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2774993.2774999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCS.1979.1084676"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3373360.3380836"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_15_1","volume-title":"Technical Specification MEF48. https:\/\/www.mef.net\/Assets\/Technical_Specifications\/PDF\/MEF_48.pdf.","author":"Forum Metro Ethernet","year":"2014","unstructured":"Metro Ethernet Forum . 2014. Carrier Ethernet Service Activation Testing (SAT) , Technical Specification MEF48. https:\/\/www.mef.net\/Assets\/Technical_Specifications\/PDF\/MEF_48.pdf. ( 2014 ). Metro Ethernet Forum. 2014. Carrier Ethernet Service Activation Testing (SAT), Technical Specification MEF48. https:\/\/www.mef.net\/Assets\/Technical_Specifications\/PDF\/MEF_48.pdf. (2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3185467.3185499"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_17_1","volume-title":"USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI). 71--85","author":"Handigol Nikhil","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nikhil Handigol , Brandon Heller , Vimalkumar Jeyakumar , David Mazi\u00e8res , and Nick McKeown . 2014 . I know what your packet did last hop: Using packet histories to troubleshoot networks . In USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI). 71--85 . Nikhil Handigol, Brandon Heller, Vimalkumar Jeyakumar, David Mazi\u00e8res, and Nick McKeown. 2014. I know what your packet did last hop: Using packet histories to troubleshoot networks. In USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI). 71--85."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mark Handley Costin Raiciu Alexandru Agache Andrei Voinescu Andrew W Moore Gianni Antichi and Marcin W\u00f3jcik. 2017. Re-architecting datacenter networks and stacks for low latency and high performance. In SIGCOMM. ACM 29--42.  Mark Handley Costin Raiciu Alexandru Agache Andrei Voinescu Andrew W Moore Gianni Antichi and Marcin W\u00f3jcik. 2017. Re-architecting datacenter networks and stacks for low latency and high performance. In SIGCOMM. ACM 29--42.","DOI":"10.1145\/3098822.3098825"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_19_1","volume-title":"The P4-&gt","author":"Ibanez Stephen","unstructured":"Stephen Ibanez , Gordon Brebner , Nick McKeown , and Noa Zilberman . 2019. The P4-&gt ; NetFPGA Workflow for Line-Rate Packet Processing. In FPGA. ACM , 1--9. Stephen Ibanez, Gordon Brebner, Nick McKeown, and Noa Zilberman. 2019. The P4-> NetFPGA Workflow for Line-Rate Packet Processing. In FPGA. ACM, 1--9."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_20_1","unstructured":"Inband Network Telemetry 2017. Inband Network Telemetry (INT). https:\/\/github.com\/p4lang\/p4factory\/tree\/master\/apps\/int. (2017).  Inband Network Telemetry 2017. Inband Network Telemetry (INT). https:\/\/github.com\/p4lang\/p4factory\/tree\/master\/apps\/int. (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_21_1","unstructured":"Ixia. 2019. IxNetwork. https:\/\/www.ixiacom.com\/products\/ixnetwork. (2019).  Ixia. 2019. IxNetwork. https:\/\/www.ixiacom.com\/products\/ixnetwork. (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_22_1","volume-title":"USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI).","author":"Jin Xin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xin Jin , Xiaozhou Li , Haoyu Zhang , Nate Foster , Jeongkeun Lee , Robert Soul\u00e9 , Changhoon Kim , and Ion Stoica . 2018 . NetChain: Scale-Free Sub-RTT Coordination .. In USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI). Xin Jin, Xiaozhou Li, Haoyu Zhang, Nate Foster, Jeongkeun Lee, Robert Soul\u00e9, Changhoon Kim, and Ion Stoica. 2018. NetChain: Scale-Free Sub-RTT Coordination.. In USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132747.3132764"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_24_1","volume-title":"3rd P4 Workshop.","author":"Laki S\u00e1ndor","unstructured":"S\u00e1ndor Laki . 2016. High-Speed Forwarding: A P4 Compiler with a Hardware Abstraction Library for Intel DPDK . In 3rd P4 Workshop. S\u00e1ndor Laki. 2016. High-Speed Forwarding: A P4 Compiler with a Hardware Abstraction Library for Intel DPDK. In 3rd P4 Workshop."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2881025.2889480"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3230543.3230582"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_27_1","volume-title":"NetFPGA-an open platform for gigabit-rate network switching and routing","author":"Lockwood John W","unstructured":"John W Lockwood , Nick McKeown , Greg Watson , Glen Gibb , Paul Hartke , Jad Naous , Ramanan Raghuraman , and Jianying Luo . 2007. NetFPGA-an open platform for gigabit-rate network switching and routing . In MSE. IEEE , 160--161. John W Lockwood, Nick McKeown, Greg Watson, Glen Gibb, Paul Hartke, Jad Naous, Ramanan Raghuraman, and Jianying Luo. 2007. NetFPGA-an open platform for gigabit-rate network switching and routing. In MSE. IEEE, 160--161."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_28_1","unstructured":"Meltdown and Spectre 2020. Meltdown and Spectre. https:\/\/meltdownattack.com. (2020).  Meltdown and Spectre 2020. Meltdown and Spectre. https:\/\/meltdownattack.com. (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3098822.3098824"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_30_1","unstructured":"Netronome. 2016. Intelligent Server Adapters. http:\/\/open-nfp.org\/media\/Netronome_NFP-6480_2x40GigE_Product_Brief_11-15_laQID9Y.pdf. (2016).  Netronome. 2016. Intelligent Server Adapters. http:\/\/open-nfp.org\/media\/Netronome_NFP-6480_2x40GigE_Product_Brief_11-15_laQID9Y.pdf. (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3185467.3185497"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_32_1","volume-title":"P416 Language Specification Version 1.1.0. https:\/\/p4.org\/p4-spec\/docs\/P4-16-v1.0.0-spec.html. (Nov","author":"Language Specification","year":"2018","unstructured":"P4 16 Language Specification 2018. P416 Language Specification Version 1.1.0. https:\/\/p4.org\/p4-spec\/docs\/P4-16-v1.0.0-spec.html. (Nov . 2018 ). P4 16 Language Specification 2018. P416 Language Specification Version 1.1.0. https:\/\/p4.org\/p4-spec\/docs\/P4-16-v1.0.0-spec.html. (Nov. 2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_33_1","unstructured":"p4bm 2015. The P4 Reference Switch. https:\/\/github.com\/p4lang\/behavioral-model. (2015).  p4bm 2015. The P4 Reference Switch. https:\/\/github.com\/p4lang\/behavioral-model. (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_34_1","unstructured":"Peter Hoose 2011. Monitoring and Troubleshooting: One Engineer's rant. https:\/\/archive.nanog.org\/meetings\/nanog53\/presentations\/Monday\/Hoose.pdf. (2011).  Peter Hoose 2011. Monitoring and Troubleshooting: One Engineer's rant. https:\/\/archive.nanog.org\/meetings\/nanog53\/presentations\/Monday\/Hoose.pdf. (2011)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_35_1","unstructured":"Portable Switch Architecture (PSA) 2019. P416 Portable Switch Architecture (PSA). https:\/\/p4.org\/p4-spec\/docs\/PSA.html. (2019).  Portable Switch Architecture (PSA) 2019. P4 16 Portable Switch Architecture (PSA). https:\/\/p4.org\/p4-spec\/docs\/PSA.html. (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_36_1","unstructured":"PTA 2020. PTA Blinded Reporsitory. https:\/\/github.com\/pta-project-repo\/pta-artifacts. (2020).  PTA 2020. PTA Blinded Reporsitory. https:\/\/github.com\/pta-project-repo\/pta-artifacts. (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3230718.3232104"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_38_1","volume-title":"Protocol-Independent Software Switch. In Conference on Applications, Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols for Computer Communication (SIGCOMM).","author":"Shahbaz Muhammad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Muhammad Shahbaz , Sean Choi , Ben Pfaff , Changhoon Kim , Nick Feamster , Nick McKeown , and Jennifer Rexford . 2016 . PISCES: A Programmable , Protocol-Independent Software Switch. In Conference on Applications, Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols for Computer Communication (SIGCOMM). Muhammad Shahbaz, Sean Choi, Ben Pfaff, Changhoon Kim, Nick Feamster, Nick McKeown, and Jennifer Rexford. 2016. PISCES: A Programmable, Protocol-Independent Software Switch. In Conference on Applications, Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols for Computer Communication (SIGCOMM)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-66332-6_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2491185.2491190"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_41_1","unstructured":"Spirent 2020. Spirent. https:\/\/www.spirent.com\/. (2020).  Spirent 2020. Spirent. https:\/\/www.spirent.com\/. (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3230543.3230548"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEST.1996.556946"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3185467.3185468"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3302424.3303979"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3050220.3050234"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_47_1","unstructured":"Xilinx. 2014. SDNet. http:\/\/www.xilinx.com\/products\/design-tools\/software-zone\/sdnet.html. (2014).  Xilinx. 2014. SDNet. http:\/\/www.xilinx.com\/products\/design-tools\/software-zone\/sdnet.html. (2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_48_1","volume-title":"MSR-TR-2015-55","author":"Zeng Hongyi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hongyi Zeng , Ratul Mahajan , Nick McKeown , George Varghese , Lihua Yuan , and Ming Zhang . 2015. Measuring and troubleshooting large operational multipath networks with gray box testing. Mountain Safety Res ., MSR-TR-2015-55 ( 2015 ). Hongyi Zeng, Ratul Mahajan, Nick McKeown, George Varghese, Lihua Yuan, and Ming Zhang. 2015. Measuring and troubleshooting large operational multipath networks with gray box testing. Mountain Safety Res., MSR-TR-2015-55 (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359989.3365406"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_50_1","volume-title":"Moore","author":"Zilberman Noa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Noa Zilberman , Yury Audzevich , G. Adam Covington , and Andrew W . Moore . September 2014 . NetFPGA SUME: Toward 100 Gbps as Research Commodity. IEEE Micro (September 2014). Noa Zilberman, Yury Audzevich, G. Adam Covington, and Andrew W. Moore. September 2014. NetFPGA SUME: Toward 100 Gbps as Research Commodity. IEEE Micro (September 2014)."}],"event":{"name":"CoNEXT '20: The 16th International Conference on emerging Networking EXperiments and Technologies","location":"Barcelona Spain","acronym":"CoNEXT '20","sponsor":["SIGCOMM ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on emerging Networking EXperiments and Technologies"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3386367.3431313","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3386367.3431313","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T21:32:04Z","timestamp":1750195924000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3386367.3431313"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3386367.3431313","10.1145\/3386367"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3386367.3431313","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-11-24","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}