{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T18:22:20Z","timestamp":1775758940777,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]],"date-time":"2020-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["638176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["638176"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We present a method for animating yarn-level cloth effects using a thin-shell solver. We accomplish this through numerical homogenization: we first use a large number of yarn-level simulations to build a model of the potential energy density of the cloth, and then use this energy density function to compute forces in a thin shell simulator. We model several yarn-based materials, including both woven and knitted fabrics. Our model faithfully reproduces expected effects like the stiffness of woven fabrics, and the highly deformable nature and anisotropy of knitted fabrics. Our approach does not require any real-world experiments nor measurements; because the method is based entirely on simulations, it can generate entirely new material models quickly, without the need for testing apparatuses or human intervention. We provide data-driven models of several woven and knitted fabrics, which can be used for efficient simulation with an off-the-shelf cloth solver.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3386569.3392412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]],"date-time":"2020-08-12T11:44:27Z","timestamp":1597232667000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Homogenized yarn-level cloth"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Georg","family":"Sperl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IST Austria"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Narain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Wojtan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IST Austria"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/280814.280821"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1833349.1778853"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","volume-title":"ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)","volume":"27","author":"Bergou Mikl\u00f3s","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mikl\u00f3s Bergou, Max Wardetzky, Stephen Robinson, Basile Audoly, and Eitan Grinspun. 2008. Discrete elastic rods. In ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), Vol. 27. ACM, 63."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cma.2017.03.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1778765.1778800"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-014-9137-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/0726013"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3072959.3073669"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2766889"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3197517.3201386"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","volume-title":"An energy model of plain knitted fabric. Textile research journal 73, 8","author":"Choi Ka-Fai","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ka-Fai Choi and Tien-Yu Lo. 2003. An energy model of plain knitted fabric. Textile research journal 73, 8 (2003), 739--748."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1198555.1198571"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2661229.2661279"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2786784.2786801"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2016.2592908"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3197517.3201361"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3099564.3099577"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","unstructured":"J de Joya R Narain J O'Brien A Samii and V Zordan. 2012. Berkeley garment library."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmat.2014.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3355089.3356532"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3197517.3201392"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3072959.3073630"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3057332.3057390"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/0717021"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0965-0393\/15\/4\/S06"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cam.2009.08.077"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","volume-title":"Computer Graphics Forum","author":"Grinspun Eitan","unstructured":"Eitan Grinspun, Yotam Gingold, Jason Reisman, and Denis Zorin. 2006. Computing discrete shape operators on general meshes. In Computer Graphics Forum, Vol. 25. Wiley Online Library, 547--556."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/846276.846284"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","volume-title":"Abhijeet Ghosh, Cornelia Denk, and Mashhuda Glencross.","author":"Guarnera Darya","year":"2016","unstructured":"Darya Guarnera, Giuseppe Claudio Guarnera, Abhijeet Ghosh, Cornelia Denk, and Mashhuda Glencross. 2016. BRDF representation and acquisition. In Computer Graphics Forum, Vol. 35. Wiley Online Library, 625--650."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","volume-title":"Preprocessing and postprocessing for materials based on the homogenization method with adaptive finite element methods. Computer methods in applied mechanics and engineering 83, 2","author":"Guedes Jos\u00e9Miranda","year":"1990","unstructured":"Jos\u00e9Miranda Guedes and Noboru Kikuchi. 1990. Preprocessing and postprocessing for materials based on the homogenization method with adaptive finite element methods. Computer methods in applied mechanics and engineering 83, 2 (1990), 143--198."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","unstructured":"Ga\u00ebl Guennebaud Beno\u00eet Jacob et al. 2010. Eigen v3. http:\/\/eigen.tuxfamily.org"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3197517.3201346"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3072959.3073709"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5096(63)90036-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Interactive Shape Interpolation through Controllable Dynamic Deformation","volume":"17","author":"Huang J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"J. Huang, Y. Tong, K. Zhou, H. Bao, and M. Desbrun. 2011. Interactive Shape Interpolation through Controllable Dynamic Deformation. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 17, 7 (July 2011), 983--992.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3072959.3073623"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1399504.1360664"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1833349.1778842"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1576246.1531357"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2004.10.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/237170.237270"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.4953"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jonathan Leaf Rundong Wu Eston Schweickart Doug L James and Steve Marschner. 2018. Interactive design of periodic yarn-level cloth patterns. In SIGGRAPH Asia 2018 Technical Papers. ACM 202.","DOI":"10.1145\/3272127.3275105"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3197517.3201308"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","volume-title":"Charlie CL Wang, and Emily Whiting","author":"Liu Ligang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ligang Liu, Ariel Shamir, Charlie CL Wang, and Emily Whiting. 2014. 3D printing oriented design: geometry and optimization.. In SIGGRAPH ASIA Courses."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2016.10.070"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pamm.201510221"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","volume-title":"Computer Graphics Forum","author":"Miguel Eder","unstructured":"Eder Miguel, Derek Bradley, Bernhard Thomaszewski, Bernd Bickel, Wojciech Matusik, Miguel A Otaduy, and Steve Marschner. 2012. Data-driven estimation of cloth simulation models. In Computer Graphics Forum, Vol. 31. Wiley Online Library, 519--528."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","volume-title":"Computer Graphics Forum","author":"Miguel Eder","unstructured":"Eder Miguel, David Miraut, and Miguel A Otaduy. 2016. Modeling and Estimation of Energy-Based Hyperelastic Objects. In Computer Graphics Forum, Vol. 35. Wiley Online Library, 385--396."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2508363.2508389"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","unstructured":"Z. Montazeri C. Xiao Y. R. Fei C. Zheng and S. Zhao. 2019. Mechanics-Aware Modeling of Cloth Appearance. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics (2019) 1--1."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6240-8_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2461912.2462010"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2366145.2366171"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3186265"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3306346.3322995"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_57_1","volume-title":"Strands: Interactive simulation of thin solids using cosserat models. In Computer Graphics Forum","author":"Pai Dinesh K","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dinesh K Pai. 2002. Strands: Interactive simulation of thin solids using cosserat models. In Computer Graphics Forum, Vol. 21. Wiley Online Library, 347--352."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2012.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2010.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2766998"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_61_1","first-page":"021075","article-title":"Geometry and elasticity of a knitted fabric","author":"Poincloux Samuel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Samuel Poincloux, Mokhtar Adda-Bedia, and Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Lechenault. 2018. Geometry and elasticity of a knitted fabric. Physical Review X 8, 2 (2018), 021075.","journal-title":"Physical Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_62_1","unstructured":"Xavier Provot et al. 1995. Deformation constraints in a mass-spring model to describe rigid cloth behaviour. In Graphics interface. Canadian Information Processing Society 147--147."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_63_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"Study of damage initiation in the matrix of a composite material by an homogenization method","volume":"24","author":"Renard J","year":"1987","unstructured":"J Renard and MF Marmonier. 1987. Study of damage initiation in the matrix of a composite material by an homogenization method. Rech. Aerosp. 24 (1987), 43--51.","journal-title":"Rech. Aerosp."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2766926"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3197517.3201278"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1073368.1073394"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/37402.37427"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_68_1","volume-title":"Eurographics 2007 - Tutorials","author":"Thomaszewski Bernhard","unstructured":"Bernhard Thomaszewski, Markus Wacker, Wolfgang Stra\u00dfer, Etienne Lyard, C. Luible, Pascal Volino, M. Kasap, V. Muggeo, and Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann. 2007. Advanced Topics in Virtual Garment Simulation. In Eurographics 2007 - Tutorials, Karol Myszkowski and Vlastimil Havran (Eds.). The Eurographics Association."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/192161.192241"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6636(00)00019-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1709025114"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1833349.1778844"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1964921.1964966"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3292481"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2185520.2185533"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/IntJMultCompEng.2013005374"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2897824.2925932"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Graphics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3386569.3392412","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3386569.3392412","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T05:34:01Z","timestamp":1750829641000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3386569.3392412"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3386569.3392412"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3386569.3392412","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-0301","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7368","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-08-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}