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Process."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            A Kannada OCR, called\n            <jats:italic>Lipi Gnani<\/jats:italic>\n            , has been designed and developed from scratch, with the motivation of it being able to convert printed text or poetry in Kannada script, without any restriction on vocabulary. The training and test sets have been collected from more than 35 books published from 1970 to 2002, and this includes books written in Halegannada and pages containing Sanskrit slokas written in Kannada script. The coverage of the OCR is nearly complete in the sense that it recognizes all punctuation marks, special symbols, and Indo-Arabic and Kannada numerals. Several minor and major original contributions have been done in developing this OCR at different processing stages, such as binarization, character segmentation, recognition, and Unicode mapping. This has created a Kannada OCR that performs as good as, and in some cases better than, Google\u2019s Tesseract OCR, as shown by the results. To the best of our knowledge, this is the maiden report of a complete Kannada OCR, handling all issues involved. Currently, there is no dictionary-based postprocessing, and the obtained results are due solely to the recognition process. Four benchmark test databases containing scanned pages from books in Kannada, Sanskrit, Konkani, and Tulu languages, but all of them printed in Kannada script, have been created. The word-level recognition accuracy of Lipi Gnani is 5.3% higher on the Kannada dataset than that of Google\u2019s Tesseract OCR, 8.5% higher on the Sanskrit dataset, and 23.4% higher on the datasets of Konkani and Tulu.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3387632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,22]],"date-time":"2020-05-22T23:47:19Z","timestamp":1590191239000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Lipi Gnani"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5937-8708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H. R. Shiva","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India"}]},{"given":"A. G.","family":"Ramakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems (DAS\u201902)","author":"Aparna K. G.","unstructured":"K. G. Aparna and A. G. Ramakrishnan . 2002. A complete Tamil optical character recognition system . In Proceedings of the 5th IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems (DAS\u201902) . 53--57. K. G. Aparna and A. G. Ramakrishnan. 2002. A complete Tamil optical character recognition system. 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Sanskrit Pages Using Kannada Script (dataset of scanned images of Sanskrit text printed using Kannada script) . Retrieved December 30, 2018 from https:\/\/github.com\/MILE-IISc\/SanskritPagesUsingKannadaScript. IISc MILE Lab. 2018b. Sanskrit Pages Using Kannada Script (dataset of scanned images of Sanskrit text printed using Kannada script). Retrieved December 30, 2018 from https:\/\/github.com\/MILE-IISc\/SanskritPagesUsingKannadaScript."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Lab Sc MILE","year":"2018","unstructured":"II Sc MILE Lab . 2018 c. Tulu Documents (dataset of scanned pages of Tulu books) . Retrieved December 30, 2018 from https:\/\/github.com\/MILE-IISc\/TuluDocuments. IISc MILE Lab. 2018c. Tulu Documents (dataset of scanned pages of Tulu books). Retrieved December 30, 2018 from https:\/\/github.com\/MILE-IISc\/TuluDocuments."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Lab Sc MILE","year":"2019","unstructured":"II Sc MILE Lab . 2019 . 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