{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T14:20:25Z","timestamp":1772461225656,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":69,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]],"date-time":"2020-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3388176.3388209","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]],"date-time":"2020-05-04T09:08:11Z","timestamp":1588583291000},"page":"13-23","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Systematization of Digital Twins"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Linard","family":"Barth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marketing Management, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Theaterstrasse, CH, Winterthur"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Ehrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marketing Management, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Theaterstrasse, CH, Winterthur"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marketing Management, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Theaterstrasse, CH, Winterthur"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Haarmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marketing Management, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Theaterstrasse, CH, Winterthur"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10100-016-0436-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"26th EurOMA Conference Operations Adding Value to Society. Conference Paper.","author":"Barbieri C.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-018-0911-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2017.04.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","first-page":"64","article-title":"How smart, connected products are transforming competition","volume":"92","author":"Porter M. W.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Harvard Business Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"How smart, connected products are transforming companies","volume":"93","author":"Porter M. W.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Harvard Business Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JSM-01-2015-0040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Grieves M. (2014). Digital twin: Manufacturing excellence through virtual factory replication White Paper.  Grieves M. (2014). Digital twin: Manufacturing excellence through virtual factory replication White Paper."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao F. Zhang M. & Nee A.Y.C. (2019). Digital twin driven smart manufacturing. First Edition. United Kingdom London Wall: Elsevier Inc.  Tao F. Zhang M. & Nee A.Y.C. (2019). Digital twin driven smart manufacturing. First Edition. United Kingdom London Wall: Elsevier Inc.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-817630-6.00010-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","first-page":"2012","volume-title":"53rd AIAA\/ASME\/ASCE\/AHS\/ASC Struct. Struct. Dyn. Mater. Conference. https:\/\/doi.org\/10","author":"Glaessgen D.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21278\/idc.2018.0418"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grieves M. & Vickers J. (2016). Digital Twin: Mitigating Unpredictable Undesirable Emergent Behavior in Complex Systems. Transdisciplinary Perspectives on Complex Systems 85--113. doi:10.1007\/978-3-319-38756-7_4  Grieves M. & Vickers J. (2016). Digital Twin: Mitigating Unpredictable Undesirable Emergent Behavior in Complex Systems. Transdisciplinary Perspectives on Complex Systems 85--113. doi:10.1007\/978-3-319-38756-7_4","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-38756-7_4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"Landahl J. Panarotto M. Johannesson H. Isaksson O. & L\u00f6\u00f6f J. (2018). Towards Adopting Digital Twins to Support Design Reuse during Platform Concept Development. NordDesign 2018 August 14-17 2018 Link\u00f6ping Sweden.  Landahl J. Panarotto M. Johannesson H. Isaksson O. & L\u00f6\u00f6f J. (2018). Towards Adopting Digital Twins to Support Design Reuse during Platform Concept Development. NordDesign 2018 August 14-17 2018 Link\u00f6ping Sweden."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2018.03.103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3314493.3314504"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-017-0233-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao F. Sui F. Liu A. Qi Q. Zhang M. Song B. Guo Z. Lu S.C. & Nee A.Y. (2019). Digital twin-driven product design framework.  Tao F. Sui F. Liu A. Qi Q. Zhang M. Song B. Guo Z. Lu S.C. & Nee A.Y. (2019). Digital twin-driven product design framework.","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2018.1443229"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2018.2873186"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICE.2019.8792579"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"Panetta K. (2018). Gartner Top 10 Strategic Technology Trends for 2019. Published online October 15 2018. https:\/\/www.gartner.com\/smarterwithgartner\/gartner-top-10-strategic-technology-trends-for-2019\/ Accessed 12 August 2019.  Panetta K. (2018). Gartner Top 10 Strategic Technology Trends for 2019. Published online October 15 2018. https:\/\/www.gartner.com\/smarterwithgartner\/gartner-top-10-strategic-technology-trends-for-2019\/ Accessed 12 August 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Rais A. (2019). Growth of the digital twin market. Published online August 2 2019. https:\/\/www.maschinenmarkt.international\/growth-of-the-digital-twin-market-a-851571\/ Accessed 12 August 2019.  Rais A. (2019). Growth of the digital twin market. Published online August 2 2019. https:\/\/www.maschinenmarkt.international\/growth-of-the-digital-twin-market-a-851571\/ Accessed 12 August 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voell C. Chatterjee P. Rauch A. & Golovatchev J. (2018). How Digital Twins Enable the Next Level of PLM -- A Guide for the Concept and the Implementation in the Internet of Everything Era. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology 238--249. doi:10.1007\/978-3-030-01614-2_22  Voell C. Chatterjee P. Rauch A. & Golovatchev J. (2018). How Digital Twins Enable the Next Level of PLM -- A Guide for the Concept and the Implementation in the Internet of Everything Era. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology 238--249. doi:10.1007\/978-3-030-01614-2_22","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01614-2_22"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2014.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2015.06.141"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nyffenegger F. H\u00e4nggi R. & Reisch A. (2018). A Reference Model for PLM in the Area of Digitization. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology 358--366. doi:10.1007\/978-3-030-01614-2_33  Nyffenegger F. H\u00e4nggi R. & Reisch A. (2018). A Reference Model for PLM in the Area of Digitization. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology 358--366. doi:10.1007\/978-3-030-01614-2_33","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01614-2_33"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2019.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Conference Paper. 2019 Naples Forum on Service. Italy.","author":"Meierhofer J.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"Vom Brocke J. Simons A. Niehaves B. Riemer K. Plattfaut R. & Cleven A. (2009). Reconstructing the Giant: On the Importance of Rigour in Documenting the Literature Search Process ECIS 2206--2217.  Vom Brocke J. Simons A. Niehaves B. Riemer K. Plattfaut R. & Cleven A. (2009). Reconstructing the Giant: On the Importance of Rigour in Documenting the Literature Search Process ECIS 2206--2217."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","first-page":"104","article-title":"Organizing Knowledge Syntheses: A Taxonomy of Literature Reviews","volume":"1","author":"Cooper H.M.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Knowledge in Society"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-5581-3-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-9492LSF"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"Elsevier (2019). About Scopus https:\/\/blog.scopus.com\/about (Accessed: 09.08.2017).  Elsevier (2019). About Scopus https:\/\/blog.scopus.com\/about (Accessed: 09.08.2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","first-page":"92","volume-title":"International Journal of Production Economics","author":"Rymaszewska A.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"Holler M. Uebernickel F. & Brenner W. (2016): Digital Twin Concepts in Manufacturing Industries - A Literature Review and Avenues for Further Research. 2016. - 18th International Conference on Industrial Engineering (IJIE). -Seoul Korea.  Holler M. Uebernickel F. & Brenner W. (2016): Digital Twin Concepts in Manufacturing Industries - A Literature Review and Avenues for Further Research. 2016. - 18th International Conference on Industrial Engineering (IJIE). -Seoul Korea."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"Dreyer S. Olivotti D. Lebek B. & Breitner M.H. (2017). Towards a Smart Services Enabling Information Architecture for Installed Base Management in Manufacturing. Wirtschaftsinformatik.  Dreyer S. Olivotti D. Lebek B. & Breitner M.H. (2017). Towards a Smart Services Enabling Information Architecture for Installed Base Management in Manufacturing. Wirtschaftsinformatik."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0951192X.2019.1599436"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malakuti S. Goldschmidt T. & Koziolek H. (2018). A Catalogue of Architectural Decisions for Designing IIoT Systems. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 103--111. doi:10.1007\/978-3-030-00761-4_7  Malakuti S. Goldschmidt T. & Koziolek H. (2018). A Catalogue of Architectural Decisions for Designing IIoT Systems. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 103--111. doi:10.1007\/978-3-030-00761-4_7","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00761-4_7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09537287.2015.1033494"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Rueger, et al. (2018): Emotionalisierung im digitalen Marketing: Erfolgreiche Methoden f\u00fcr die Marketingpraxis, 89--103.","author":"Fuchs R.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Longo F. Nicoletti L. & Padovano A. (2019): Ubiquitous knowledge empowers the Smart Factory: The impacts of a Service-oriented Digital Twin on enterprises' performance Annual Reviews in Control https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arcontrol.2019.01.001  Longo F. Nicoletti L. & Padovano A. (2019): Ubiquitous knowledge empowers the Smart Factory: The impacts of a Service-oriented Digital Twin on enterprises' performance Annual Reviews in Control https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arcontrol.2019.01.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcontrol.2019.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","article-title":"Digital twin-driven cyber-physical production system towards smart shop-floor","volume":"10","author":"Zhang H.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing. doi"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel P. Ali M. I. & Sheth A. (2018). From Raw Data to Smart Manufacturing: AI and Semantic Web of Things for Industry 4.0. IEEE Intelligent Systems 33(4) 79--86. doi:10.1109\/mis.2018.043741325  Patel P. Ali M. I. & Sheth A. (2018). From Raw Data to Smart Manufacturing: AI and Semantic Web of Things for Industry 4.0. IEEE Intelligent Systems 33(4) 79--86. doi:10.1109\/mis.2018.043741325","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2018.043741325"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"Nakajima S. (1988) \"Introduction to Total Productive Maintenance\" Cambridge MA Productivity Press.  Nakajima S. (1988) \"Introduction to Total Productive Maintenance\" Cambridge MA Productivity Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"10th Total Productive Maintenance Conference","author":"Leflar J.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","unstructured":"VDMA - Mechanical Engineering Industry Association DIN 8743 information available under https:\/\/www.vdma.org\/en\/v2viewer\/-\/v2article\/render\/27106441  VDMA - Mechanical Engineering Industry Association DIN 8743 information available under https:\/\/www.vdma.org\/en\/v2viewer\/-\/v2article\/render\/27106441"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","unstructured":"Bange U. K. (2019): Overall Service Effectiveness - Eine Adaption des OEE-Modells auf die Digitalisierung von After-Sales\/Service. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/overall-service-effectiveness-eine-adaption-des-auf-udo-k-bange\/  Bange U. K. (2019): Overall Service Effectiveness - Eine Adaption des OEE-Modells auf die Digitalisierung von After-Sales\/Service. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/overall-service-effectiveness-eine-adaption-des-auf-udo-k-bange\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Novikov D. (2016). Cybernetics. Studies in Systems Decision and Control. doi:10.1007\/978-3-319-27397-6  Novikov D. (2016). Cybernetics. Studies in Systems Decision and Control. doi:10.1007\/978-3-319-27397-6","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-27397-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","unstructured":"Beer S. (1972): Brain of the Firm; Allen Lane The Penguin Press London Herder and Herder USA.  Beer S. (1972): Brain of the Firm; Allen Lane The Penguin Press London Herder and Herder USA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashby W.R. (1956): An introduction to Cybernetics. Wiley New York.  Ashby W.R. (1956): An introduction to Cybernetics. Wiley New York.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.5851"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartmann D. Herz M. & Wever U. (2018). Model Order Reduction a Key Technology for Digital Twins. Reduced-Order Modeling (ROM) for Simulation and Optimization 167--179. doi:10.1007\/978-3-319-75319-5_8  Hartmann D. Herz M. & Wever U. (2018). Model Order Reduction a Key Technology for Digital Twins. Reduced-Order Modeling (ROM) for Simulation and Optimization 167--179. doi:10.1007\/978-3-319-75319-5_8","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-75319-5_8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ETFA.2017.8247583"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3241403.3241417"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","volume-title":"Whitepaper. Information Technology & Standardization","author":"Guo N.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.08.101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2018.08.349"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2968456.2974007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"Mechatronic Futures: Challenges and Solutions for Mechatronic Systems and Their Designers, 59--74. doi:10.1007\/978-3-319-32156-1_5","author":"Boschert S.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2756069"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2016.04.051"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2017.07.198"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2019.04.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21278\/idc.2018.0188"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baines T. and Lightfoot H. (2013) Made to Serve: How Manufacturers Can Compete through Servitization and Product Service Systems. Wiley.  Baines T. and Lightfoot H. (2013) Made to Serve: How Manufacturers Can Compete through Servitization and Product Service Systems. Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119207955"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0263-2373(88)90033-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/inst.12022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJPLM.2010.036489"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/439278"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2017.04.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_69_1","unstructured":"Kung C. H. & Solvberg A. (1986): Activity Modeling and Behavior Modeling In: Ollie T. Sol H. & Verrjin-Stuart A.: Proceedings of the IFIP WG 8.1 working conference on comparative review of information systems design methodologies: improving the practice. North-Holland Amsterdam pp. 145--171.  Kung C. H. & Solvberg A. (1986): Activity Modeling and Behavior Modeling In: Ollie T. Sol H. & Verrjin-Stuart A.: Proceedings of the IFIP WG 8.1 working conference on comparative review of information systems design methodologies: improving the practice. North-Holland Amsterdam pp. 145--171."}],"event":{"name":"ICISS 2020: 2020 The 3rd International Conference on Information Science and System","location":"Cambridge United Kingdom","acronym":"ICISS 2020","sponsor":["University of Salford University of Salford","Cardiff University Cardiff University","Kingston University Kingston University"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2020 The 3rd International Conference on Information Science and System"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3388176.3388209","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3388176.3388209","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T22:01:19Z","timestamp":1750197679000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3388176.3388209"}},"subtitle":["Ontology and Conceptual Framework"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3388176.3388209","10.1145\/3388176"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3388176.3388209","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]]}}}