{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]],"date-time":"2025-08-24T01:17:14Z","timestamp":1755998234816,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Transiently powered computers (TPCs) form the foundation of the battery-less Internet of Things, using energy harvesting and small capacitors to power their operation. This kind of power supply is characterized by extreme variations in supply voltage, as capacitors charge when harvesting energy and discharge when computing. We experimentally find that these variations cause marked fluctuations in\n            <jats:italic>clock speed<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>power consumption<\/jats:italic>\n            . Such a deceptively minor observation is overlooked in existing literature. Systems are thus designed and parameterized in overly conservative ways, missing on a number of optimizations.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            We rather demonstrate that\n            <jats:italic>it is possible<\/jats:italic>\n            to accurately model and concretely capitalize on these fluctuations. We derive an energy model as a function of supply voltage and prove its use in two settings. First, we develop EPIC, a compile-time energy analysis tool. We use it to substitute for the constant power assumption in existing analysis techniques, giving programmers accurate information on worst-case energy consumption of programs. When using EPIC with existing TPC system support, run-time energy efficiency drastically improves, eventually leading up to a 350% speedup in the time to complete a fixed workload. Further, when using EPIC with existing debugging tools, it avoids unnecessary program changes that hurt energy efficiency. Next, we extend the MSPsim emulator and explore its use in parameterizing a different TPC system support. The improvements in energy efficiency yield up to more than 1000% time speedup to complete a fixed workload.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3391893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]],"date-time":"2020-07-07T12:39:02Z","timestamp":1594125542000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Demystifying Energy Consumption Dynamics in Transiently powered Computers"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Saad","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Nawaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abu","family":"Bakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naveed Anwar","family":"Bhatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Hamad","family":"Alizai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junaid Haroon","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Mottola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Milano, Italy and RI.Se SICS, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Embedded Wireless Systems and Networks (EWSN\u201916)","author":"Alizai Muhammad Hamad","key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Muhammad Hamad Alizai , Qasim Raza , Yasra Chandio , Affan A. Syed , and Tariq M. Jadoon . 2016. Simulating intermittently powered embedded networks . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Embedded Wireless Systems and Networks (EWSN\u201916) . Junction Publishing, 35--40. Muhammad Hamad Alizai, Qasim Raza, Yasra Chandio, Affan A. Syed, and Tariq M. Jadoon. 2016. Simulating intermittently powered embedded networks. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Embedded Wireless Systems and Networks (EWSN\u201916). Junction Publishing, 35--40."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3053600.3053610"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Antennas and Propagation Conference (LAPC\u201912)","author":"Anacleto Patricia","key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Patricia Anacleto , P. M. Mendes , E. Gultepe , and D. H. Gracias . 2012. 3D small antenna for energy harvesting applications on implantable micro-devices . In Proceedings of the Antennas and Propagation Conference (LAPC\u201912) . IEEE, 1--4. Patricia Anacleto, P. M. Mendes, E. Gultepe, and D. H. Gracias. 2012. 3D small antenna for energy harvesting applications on implantable micro-devices. In Proceedings of the Antennas and Propagation Conference (LAPC\u201912). IEEE, 1--4."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"ARDUINO. 2018. NANO. Retrieved from https:\/\/store.arduino.cc\/usa\/arduino-nano.  ARDUINO. 2018. NANO. Retrieved from https:\/\/store.arduino.cc\/usa\/arduino-nano."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","article-title":"Hibernus: Sustaining computation during intermittent supply for energy-harvesting systems","volume":"7","author":"Balsamo Domenico","year":"2015","unstructured":"Domenico Balsamo , Alex S. Weddell , Geoff V. Merrett , Bashir M. Al-Hashimi , Davide Brunelli , and Luca Benini . 2015 . Hibernus: Sustaining computation during intermittent supply for energy-harvesting systems . Embed. Syst. Lett. 7 , 1 (2015). Domenico Balsamo, Alex S. Weddell, Geoff V. Merrett, Bashir M. Al-Hashimi, Davide Brunelli, and Luca Benini. 2015. Hibernus: Sustaining computation during intermittent supply for energy-harvesting systems. Embed. Syst. Lett. 7, 1 (2015).","journal-title":"Embed. Syst. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2534208.2534215"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Embedded Wireless Systems and Networks. 137--148","author":"Bhatti Naveed","year":"2016","unstructured":"Naveed Bhatti and Luca Mottola . 2016 . Efficient state retention for transiently powered embedded sensing . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Embedded Wireless Systems and Networks. 137--148 . Naveed Bhatti and Luca Mottola. 2016. Efficient state retention for transiently powered embedded sensing. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Embedded Wireless Systems and Networks. 137--148."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3055031.3055082"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2602339.2602368"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2915918"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3356250.3360033"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI\u201911)","author":"Buettner Michael","year":"2011","unstructured":"Michael Buettner , Benjamin Greenstein , and David Wetherall . 2011 . Dewdrop: An energy-aware runtime for computational RFID . In Proceedings of the 8th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI\u201911) . Michael Buettner, Benjamin Greenstein, and David Wetherall. 2011. Dewdrop: An energy-aware runtime for computational RFID. In Proceedings of the 8th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI\u201911)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-3963-2012-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1814433.1814439"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2954680.2872409"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2983990.2983995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3178372.3179525"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCNW.2014.6927704"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCNC.2013.6504192"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the European Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks (EWSN\u201907)","volume":"118","author":"Eriksson Joakim","year":"2007","unstructured":"Joakim Eriksson , Adam Dunkels , Niclas Finne , Fredrik Osterlind , and Thiemo Voigt . 2007 . Mspsim\u2014An extensible simulator for msp430-equipped sensor boards . In Proceedings of the European Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks (EWSN\u201907) , Vol. 118 . Joakim Eriksson, Adam Dunkels, Niclas Finne, Fredrik Osterlind, and Thiemo Voigt. 2007. Mspsim\u2014An extensible simulator for msp430-equipped sensor boards. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks (EWSN\u201907), Vol. 118."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2996884.2996889"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Workload Characterization (WWC\u201901)","author":"Guthaus Matthew R.","key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Matthew R. Guthaus , Jeffrey S. Ringenberg , Dan Ernst , Todd M. Austin , Trevor Mudge , and Richard B. Brown . 2001. MiBench: A free, commercially representative embedded benchmark suite . In Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Workload Characterization (WWC\u201901) . IEEE, 3--14. Matthew R. Guthaus, Jeffrey S. Ringenberg, Dan Ernst, Todd M. Austin, Trevor Mudge, and Richard B. Brown. 2001. MiBench: A free, commercially representative embedded benchmark suite. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Workload Characterization (WWC\u201901). IEEE, 3--14."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2013.2276487"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2668332.2668382"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3131672.3131674"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3131672.3131699"},{"volume-title":"The Art of Electronics","author":"Horowitz Paul","key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"Paul Horowitz and Winfield Hill . 1989. The Art of Electronics . Cambridge University Press . Paul Horowitz and Winfield Hill. 1989. The Art of Electronics. Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"Texas Instruments. 2018. Getting Started with the MSP430 LaunchPad. Retrieved from https:\/\/goo.gl\/6ueTEC.  Texas Instruments. 2018. Getting Started with the MSP430 LaunchPad. Retrieved from https:\/\/goo.gl\/6ueTEC."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"Texas Instruments. 2018. Manual. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ti.com\/lit\/an\/slaa336a\/slaa336a.pdf.  Texas Instruments. 2018. Manual. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ti.com\/lit\/an\/slaa336a\/slaa336a.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"Texas Instruments. 2018. Power-management Integrated Chip (PMIC). Retrieved from https:\/\/goo.gl\/45psWK.  Texas Instruments. 2018. Power-management Integrated Chip (PMIC). Retrieved from https:\/\/goo.gl\/45psWK."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"Texas Instruments. 2018. TI E2E Coummunity. Retrieved from https:\/\/goo.gl\/XxrhN3.  Texas Instruments. 2018. TI E2E Coummunity. Retrieved from https:\/\/goo.gl\/XxrhN3."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"Texas Instruments. 2018. TI E2E Coummunity. Retrieved from https:\/\/goo.gl\/dPbNkJ.  Texas Instruments. 2018. TI E2E Coummunity. Retrieved from https:\/\/goo.gl\/dPbNkJ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2700249"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPSN.2008.31"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Intermittent computing: Challenges and opportunities. In Proceedings of the 2nd Summit on Advances in Programming Languages (SNAPL\u201917). Schloss Dagstuhl--Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik, Dagstuhl","volume":"8","author":"Lucia Brandon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brandon Lucia , Vignesh Balaji , Alexei Colin , Kiwan Maeng , and Emily Ruppel . 2017 . Intermittent computing: Challenges and opportunities. In Proceedings of the 2nd Summit on Advances in Programming Languages (SNAPL\u201917). Schloss Dagstuhl--Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik, Dagstuhl , Germany , 8 : 1 -- 8 :14. Brandon Lucia, Vignesh Balaji, Alexei Colin, Kiwan Maeng, and Emily Ruppel. 2017. Intermittent computing: Challenges and opportunities. In Proceedings of the 2nd Summit on Advances in Programming Languages (SNAPL\u201917). Schloss Dagstuhl--Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik, Dagstuhl, Germany, 8:1--8:14.","journal-title":"Germany"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2737924.2737978"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th ACM International Workshop on Energy Harvesting and Energy-Neutral Sensing Systems (EnSys\u201917)","author":"Lukosevicius Giedrius","key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"Giedrius Lukosevicius , Alberto Rodriguez Arreola , and Alex S. Weddell . 2017. Using sleep states to maximize the active time of transient computing systems . In Proceedings of the 5th ACM International Workshop on Energy Harvesting and Energy-Neutral Sensing Systems (EnSys\u201917) . ACM, 31--36. Giedrius Lukosevicius, Alberto Rodriguez Arreola, and Alex S. Weddell. 2017. Using sleep states to maximize the active time of transient computing systems. In Proceedings of the 5th ACM International Workshop on Energy Harvesting and Energy-Neutral Sensing Systems (EnSys\u201917). ACM, 31--36."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3133920"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON\u201909)","author":"Merrett Geoff V.","key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","unstructured":"Geoff V. Merrett , Neil M. White , Nick R. Harris , and Bashir M . Al-Hashimi. 2009. Energy-aware simulation for wireless sensor networks . In Proceedings of the 6th Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON\u201909) . 1--8. Geoff V. Merrett, Neil M. White, Nick R. Harris, and Bashir M. Al-Hashimi. 2009. Energy-aware simulation for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 6th Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON\u201909). 1--8."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","article-title":"Design and implementation of a generic energy-harvesting framework applied to the evaluation of a large-scale electronic shelf-labeling wireless sensor network","volume":"2010","author":"Mil Pieter De","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pieter De Mil , Bart Jooris , Lieven Tytgat , Ruben Catteeuw , Ingrid Moerman , Piet Demeester , and Ad Kamerman . 2010 . Design and implementation of a generic energy-harvesting framework applied to the evaluation of a large-scale electronic shelf-labeling wireless sensor network . J. Wireless Comm. Netw. 2010 , 343690 (2010). DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2010\/343690 10.1155\/2010 Pieter De Mil, Bart Jooris, Lieven Tytgat, Ruben Catteeuw, Ingrid Moerman, Piet Demeester, and Ad Kamerman. 2010. Design and implementation of a generic energy-harvesting framework applied to the evaluation of a large-scale electronic shelf-labeling wireless sensor network. J. Wireless Comm. Netw. 2010, 343690 (2010). DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2010\/343690","journal-title":"J. Wireless Comm. Netw."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2002.803941"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Shin","author":"Pillai Padmanabhan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Padmanabhan Pillai and Kang G . Shin . 2001 . Real-time dynamic voltage scaling for low-power embedded operating systems. In ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review, Vol. 35 . ACM , 89--102. Padmanabhan Pillai and Kang G. Shin. 2001. Real-time dynamic voltage scaling for low-power embedded operating systems. In ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review, Vol. 35. ACM, 89--102."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1950365.1950386"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2008.925019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2069087.2069091"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Embedded Network Sensor Systems (SenSys\u201904)","author":"Shnayder Victor","year":"2004","unstructured":"Victor Shnayder , Mark Hempstead , Bor-Rong Chen , and Matt Welsh . 2004 . PowerTOSSIM: Efficient power simulation for TinyOS applications . In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Embedded Network Sensor Systems (SenSys\u201904) . Victor Shnayder, Mark Hempstead, Bor-Rong Chen, and Matt Welsh. 2004. PowerTOSSIM: Efficient power simulation for TinyOS applications. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Embedded Network Sensor Systems (SenSys\u201904)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference. 125--137","author":"Smith Rebecca","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rebecca Smith and Scott Rixner . 2015 . Surviving peripheral failures in embedded systems . In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference. 125--137 . Rebecca Smith and Scott Rixner. 2015. Surviving peripheral failures in embedded systems. In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference. 125--137."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","unstructured":"IXYS SolarMD. 2018. SLMD481H08L. Retrieved from http:\/\/ixapps.ixys.com\/.  IXYS SolarMD. 2018. SLMD481H08L. Retrieved from http:\/\/ixapps.ixys.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2675683.2675685"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","unstructured":"TI. 2018. Data Sheet. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ti.com\/lit\/ds\/symlink\/msp430g2353.pdf.  TI. 2018. Data Sheet. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ti.com\/lit\/ds\/symlink\/msp430g2353.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th USENIX Conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI\u201916)","author":"Der Woude Joel Van","year":"2016","unstructured":"Joel Van Der Woude and Matthew Hicks . 2016 . Intermittent computation without hardware support or programmer intervention . In Proceedings of the 12th USENIX Conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI\u201916) . USENIX Association, Berkeley, CA, 17--32. Retrieved from http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id&equals;3026877.3026880. Joel Van Der Woude and Matthew Hicks. 2016. Intermittent computation without hardware support or programmer intervention. In Proceedings of the 12th USENIX Conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI\u201916). USENIX Association, Berkeley, CA, 17--32. Retrieved from http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id&equals;3026877.3026880."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3274783.3274837"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3391893","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3391893","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T22:41:42Z","timestamp":1750200102000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3391893"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3391893"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3391893","relation":{},"ISSN":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1539-9087"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1558-3465"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-09-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-03-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-09-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}