{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T20:58:38Z","timestamp":1775854718060,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":35,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]],"date-time":"2020-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3394332.3402830","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,5]],"date-time":"2020-07-05T17:21:20Z","timestamp":1593969680000},"page":"54-59","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Power Inequities: Observations on the Development of Information and Communication Technologies, from an African Place"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Gertjan","family":"van Stam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"vanstam.net, Zimbabwe"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Jonathan Ouoba, and Gertjan van Stam.","author":"Ahmat Daouda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Daouda Ahmat, Tegawend\u00e9 F Bissyand\u00e9, Jacques Klein, Yves Le Traon, Jonathan Ouoba, and Gertjan van Stam. 2014. Sustainable ICT4D in Africa: Where Do We Go From Here? In e-Infrastructure and e-Services for Developing Countries, 5th International Conference, AFRICOMM 2013, 25-27 Nov, Blantyre, Malawi, Revised Selected Papers, Tegawend\u00e9 F Bissyand\u00e9 and Gertjan van Stam (eds.). Springer International Publishing, 95\u2013103."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"United Nations General Assembly, 74th session, United Nations.","author":"Alston Philip","unstructured":"Philip Alston. 2019. Report of the Special rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights. In United Nations General Assembly, 74th session, United Nations."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"The Lies that Bind. Rethinking Identity","author":"Appiah Kwame Anthony","unstructured":"Kwame Anthony Appiah. 2018. The Lies that Bind. Rethinking Identity.Profile Books, London."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3237-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/380681"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"The Extended Case Method","author":"Burawoy Michael","unstructured":"Michael Burawoy. 2009. The Extended Case Method. University of California Press, Berkeley."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ineke Buskens and Mirjam van Reisen. 2016. Theorising agency in ICT4D: Epistemic sovereignty and transformation-in-Connection. In Underdevelopment Development and the Future of Africa Munyaradzi Mawere (ed.). Langaa RPCIG Bamenda 394\u2013432.","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvk3gm22.18"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Minimum ethical standards for ICTD\/ICT4D research. C3RI","author":"Dearden Andy","unstructured":"Andy Dearden and Dorothea Kleine. 2018. Minimum ethical standards for ICTD\/ICT4D research. C3RI, Sheffield Hallam University\/SIID University of Sheffield, Sheffield."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2370216.2370238"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"The Wretched of the Earth","author":"Fanon Frantz","unstructured":"Frantz Fanon. 1963. The Wretched of the Earth. Grove Press, New York."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Frantz Fanon. 2008. Black Skin White Masks. Pluto Press London."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iginio Gagliardone. 2016. The Politics of Technology in Africa: Communication Development and Nation-Building in Ethiopia. (2016) 192.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316823149"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002234337100800201"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Timnit Gebru. 2019 Race and Gender. arXiv:1908.06165.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780190067397.013.16"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"The Dead Hand of (Western) Academe: Community Informatics in a Less Developed Country Context. Retrieved","author":"Gurstein Michael","year":"2015","unstructured":"Michael Gurstein. 2011. The Dead Hand of (Western) Academe: Community Informatics in a Less Developed Country Context. Retrieved April 9, 2015 from https:\/\/gurstein.wordpress.com\/2011\/06\/09\/the-dead-hand-of-western-academe-community-informatics-in-a-less-developed-country-context\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Going Global 4 - The British Council's International Education Conference","author":"Holm John D","year":"2010","unstructured":"John D Holm and Leapetsewe Malete. 2010. The Asymmetries of University Partnerships between Africa and the Developed World: Our Experience in Botswana. In Going Global 4 - The British Council's International Education Conference, 24-26 March 2010, London."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09502380601162548"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","article-title":"The importance of research in a university","author":"Mamdani Mahmood","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mahmood Mamdani. 2011. The importance of research in a university. Pambazuka News. Retrieved July 15, 2016 from http:\/\/www.pambazuka.org\/en\/category\/features\/72782","journal-title":"Pambazuka News. Retrieved"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munyaradzi Mawere Mirjam van Reisen and Gertjan van Stam. 2019. Language Dominance in the Framing of Problems and Solutions: The Language of Mobility. In Mobile Africa: Human Trafficking and the Digital Divide Mirjam van Reisen Munyaradzi Mawere Mia Stokmans and Kinfe Abraha Gebre-Egziabher (eds.). Langaa RPCIG Bamenda 527\u2013558.","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvvh85s6.25"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munyaradzi Mawere and Gertjan van Stam. 2016. Pillage Plunder and Migration in Africa: On the Expatriation of Riches and Remittances. In Development Perspectives from the SOUTH. Troubling the Metrics of [Under-]development in Africa Munyaradzi Mawere (ed.). Langaa RPCIG Bamenda 43\u201375.","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvk3gmk9.5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munyaradzi Mawere and Gertjan van Stam. 2017. Oratio: A Framing of Knowledge in the Context of Technology and Academia. In African Studies in the Academy. The Cornucopia of Theory Praxis and Transformation in Africa? Munyaradzi Mawere and Tapuwa R Mubaya (eds.). Langaa RPCIG Bamenda 251\u2013264.","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvh9vv87.13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-19115-3_14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"eLearning in an African Place: How \u2018alien","author":"Mawere Munyaradzi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Munyaradzi Mawere and Gertjan van Stam. 2019. eLearning in an African Place: How \u2018alien\u2019 eLearning models are failing many in Africa. In Information and Communication Technologies for Development. Strengthening Sout hern-Driven Cooperation as a Catalyst for ICT4D. ICT4D 2019. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, vol 552, Springer, Cham, 421\u2013432."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Achille Mbembe. 2019. Bodies as borders. From Eur. South 4 (2019) 5\u201318."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Ellis","author":"Murphy Nancey","year":"1996","unstructured":"Nancey Murphy and George F.R. Ellis. 1996. On the Moral Nature of the Universe. Fortress Press, Minneapolis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","article-title":"The Notion of the \u201cField\u201d and the Practices of Researching and Writing Africa","volume":"9","author":"Nhemachena Artwell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Artwell Nhemachena, Nelson Mlambo, and Maria Kaundjua. 2016. The Notion of the \u201cField\u201d and the Practices of Researching and Writing Africa: Towards Decolonial Praxis. Africology J. Pan African Stud.9, 7 (2016).","journal-title":"Towards Decolonial Praxis. Africology J. Pan African Stud."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"African Philosophy and the Future of Africa","author":"Olivier Bert","unstructured":"Bert Olivier. 2011. Truth, Power, Intellectuals and Universities. In African Philosophy and the Future of Africa, Gerard Walmsley (ed.). The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy, Washington DC, 23\u201346."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"W E Said. 2003. Orientalism. Pantheon Books New York."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"Relatio","volume":"1","author":"Sheneberger Kevin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kevin Sheneberger and Gertjan van Stam. 2011. Relatio: An Examination of the Relational Dimension of Resource Allocation. Econ. Financ. Rev.1, 4 (2011), 26\u201333.","journal-title":"Econ. Financ. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of Africomm 2016","author":"van Stam Gertjan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gertjan van Stam. 2016. Africa's Non-inclusion in Defining Fifth Generation Mobile Networks. In Proceedings of Africomm 2016, 6-7 Dec 2016, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gertjan van Stam. 2016. Unveiling Orientalism in Foreign Narratives for Engineering for Development that Target Africa. In Development Perspectives from the SOUTH. Troubling the Metrics of [Under-]development in Africa Munyaradzi Mawere (ed.). Langaa RPCIG Bamenda 197\u2013220.","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvk3gmk9.10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"Gertjan van Stam. 2017. Reflections: a narrative on displacement of technology and meaning in an African place. Gertjan van Stam Harare Masvingo Macha Tilburg."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gertjan van Stam. 2019. Why do Foreign Solutions not Work in Africa? Recognising Alternate Epistemologies. In Roaming Africa: Migration Resilience and Social Protection Mirjam van Reisen Munyaradzi Mawere Mia Stokmans and Kinfe Abraha Gebre-Egziabher (eds.). Langaa RPCIG Bamenda 55\u201382.","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvvh85q7.9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoforum.2015.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Geek Heresy: Rescuing Social Change from the Cult of Technology","author":"Toyama Kentaro","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kentaro Toyama. 2015. Geek Heresy: Rescuing Social Change from the Cult of Technology (Kindle ed.). PublicAffairs, New York."}],"event":{"name":"WebSci '20: 12th ACM Conference on Web Science","location":"Southampton United Kingdom","acronym":"WebSci '20","sponsor":["SIGWEB ACM Special Interest Group on Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Web"]},"container-title":["12th ACM Conference on Web Science Companion"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3394332.3402830","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3394332.3402830","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T20:06:54Z","timestamp":1775851614000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3394332.3402830"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3394332.3402830","10.1145\/3394332"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3394332.3402830","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-07-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}