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Web"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Smartphone applications (a.k.a., apps) have become indispensable in our everyday life and work. In practice, accomplishing a task on smartphones may require the user to navigate among various apps. Unlike Web pages that are inherently interconnected through hyperlinks, apps are usually isolated building blocks, and the lack of direct links between apps has compromised the efficiency of task completion and user experience. In this article, we present the first in-depth empirical study of page-level access behaviors of smartphone users based on a comprehensive dataset collected through an extensive user study. We propose a model to distinguish\n            <jats:italic>informational pages<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>transitional pages<\/jats:italic>\n            , based on which we can extract page-level inter-app navigation. Surprisingly, the transitional pages account for quite substantial time cost and manual actions when navigating from the current informational page to the desirable informational page. We reveal that developing \u201c\n            <jats:italic>tunnels<\/jats:italic>\n            \u201d between \u201cisolated\u201d apps under specific usage scenarios has a huge potential to reduce the cost of navigation. Our analysis provides some practical implications on how to improve app-navigation experience from both the operating system\u2019s perspective and the developer\u2019s&lt;?brk?&gt; perspective.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3395050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]],"date-time":"2020-06-29T20:10:03Z","timestamp":1593461403000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Roaming Through the Castle Tunnels"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yun","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University, Beijing, China"}]},{"given":"Ziniu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University, Beijing, China"}]},{"given":"Diandian","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University, Beijing, China"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University, Beijing, China"}]},{"given":"Qiaozhu","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University, Beijing, China"}]},{"given":"Xuanzhe","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University, Beijing, China"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Marketing Land. 2015. Google App Streaming: A Big Move In Building \u201cThe Web Of Apps.\u201d Retrieved from http:\/\/marketingland.com\/google-app-streaming-web-of-apps-152449.  Marketing Land. 2015. Google App Streaming: A Big Move In Building \u201cThe Web Of Apps.\u201d Retrieved from http:\/\/marketingland.com\/google-app-streaming-web-of-apps-152449."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Android. 2019. Android Guide. Retrieved from http:\/\/developer.android.com\/guide\/components\/index.html.  Android. 2019. Android Guide. Retrieved from http:\/\/developer.android.com\/guide\/components\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Microsoft. 2019. Bing App Linking. Retrieved from https:\/\/msdn.microsoft.com\/en-us\/library\/dn614167.  Microsoft. 2019. Bing App Linking. Retrieved from https:\/\/msdn.microsoft.com\/en-us\/library\/dn614167."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Facebook. 2019. Facebook App Links. Retrieved from https:\/\/developers.facebook.com\/docs\/applinks.  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Relational Markov models and their application to adaptive web navigation. In Proceedings of the 8th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (SIGKDD\u201902). 143--152."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2906388.2906416"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2684822.2685302"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd USENIX Security Symposium. 1021--1036","author":"Bhoraskar Ravi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ravi Bhoraskar , Seungyeop Han , Jinseong Jeon , Tanzirul Azim , Shuo Chen , Jaeyeon Jung , Suman Nath , Rui Wang , and David Wetherall . 2014 . Brahmastra: Driving apps to test the security of third-party components . In Proceedings of the 23rd USENIX Security Symposium. 1021--1036 . Ravi Bhoraskar, Seungyeop Han, Jinseong Jeon, Tanzirul Azim, Shuo Chen, Jaeyeon Jung, Suman Nath, Rui Wang, and David Wetherall. 2014. 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