{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T07:10:33Z","timestamp":1760425833753,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]],"date-time":"2020-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["801137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["801137"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The problem of estimating a tight and safe Worst-Case Execution Time (WCET), needed for certification in safety-critical environment, is a challenging problem for modern embedded systems. A possible solution proposed in past years is to exploit statistical tools to obtain a probability distribution of the WCET. These probabilistic real-time analyses for WCET are, however, subject to errors, even when all the applicability hypotheses are satisfied and verified. This is caused by the uncertainties of the probabilistic-WCET distribution estimator. This article aims at improving the measurement-based probabilistic timing analysis approach providing some techniques to analyze and deal with such uncertainties. The so-called region of acceptance model based on state-of-the-art statistical test procedures is defined over the distribution space parameters. From this model, a set of strategies is derived and discussed to provide the methodology to deal with the trade-off safety\/tightness of the WCET estimation. These techniques are then tested over real datasets, including industrial safety-critical applications, to show the increased value of using the proposed approach in probabilistic WCET analyses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3396234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]],"date-time":"2020-07-07T12:39:02Z","timestamp":1594125542000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Dealing with Uncertainty in pWCET Estimations"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1888-9579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Reghenzani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Milano, Italy"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Santinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ONERA and Airbus Defence and Space, Deutschland"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Fornaciari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Milano, Italy"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SIES.2015.7185039"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 26th Euromicro Conference on Real-time Systems. 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