{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T06:13:01Z","timestamp":1770358381470,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000183","name":"US Army Research Office","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["W911NF-19-C-0009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF-19-C-0009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000183","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014718","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNS 1565609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS 1565609"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014718","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents WiPolar, an approach that simultaneously tracks multiple people using commodity WiFi devices. While two recent papers have also demonstrated multi-person tracking using commodity devices, they either require the people to continuously keep moving without stopping, and\/or require the number of people to be input manually, and\/or keep the WiFi devices from performing their primary function of data communication. Motivated by the increasing availability of polarized antennas on modern WiFi devices, WiPolar leverages signal polarization to perform accurate multi-person tracking using commodity devices while addressing the three limitations of prior work mentioned above. The key insight that WiPolar is based on is that different people expose different instantaneous horizontal and vertical radar cross-sections to WiFi transmitters due to differences in their physiques and orientations with respect to the transmitter. This enables WiPolar to accurately separate the multipaths reflected from different people, which, in turn, allows it to track them simultaneously. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that leverages polarization of WiFi signals to localize and track people. We implement WiPolar using commodity WiFi devices and extensively evaluate it for tracking up to five people in three different environments. Our results show that WiPolar achieved a median tracking error of just 56cm across all experiments. It also accurately tracks people even when they were not moving. WiPolar achieved a median tracking error of 74cm for people that were either stationary or just taking a small pause.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3397317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T22:30:37Z","timestamp":1592260237000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Leveraging Polarization of WiFi Signals to Simultaneously Track Multiple People"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Raghav H.","family":"Venkatnarayan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Shahzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"}]},{"given":"Sangki","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HPE Labs, Palo Alto, CA, USA"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Vlachou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HPE Labs, Palo Alto, CA, USA"}]},{"given":"Kyu-Han","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HPE Labs, Palo Alto, CA, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. https:\/\/carolinadronz.com\/products\/titan-control-antenna-system-for-dji-mavic.  [n.d.]. https:\/\/carolinadronz.com\/products\/titan-control-antenna-system-for-dji-mavic."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Polarized-Antenna-Extender-Phantom-Booster\/dp\/B07G87MBL8.  [n.d.]. https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Polarized-Antenna-Extender-Phantom-Booster\/dp\/B07G87MBL8."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. https:\/\/www.arubanetworks.com\/assets\/ds\/DS_AP340Series.pdf.  [n.d.]. https:\/\/www.arubanetworks.com\/assets\/ds\/DS_AP340Series.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/td\/docs\/wireless\/access_point\/3800\/quick\/guide\/ap3800iepgetstart.html.  [n.d.]. https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/td\/docs\/wireless\/access_point\/3800\/quick\/guide\/ap3800iepgetstart.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/support\/wireless\/aironet-3700p-access-point\/model.html.  [n.d.]. https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/support\/wireless\/aironet-3700p-access-point\/model.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/products\/wireless\/aironet-1570-series\/index.html.  [n.d.]. https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/products\/wireless\/aironet-1570-series\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/td\/docs\/wireless\/antenna\/installation\/guide\/ant2513p4mn.pdf.  [n.d.]. https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/td\/docs\/wireless\/antenna\/installation\/guide\/ant2513p4mn.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. https:\/\/www.arubanetworks.com\/assets\/ds\/DS_AP330Series.pdf.  [n.d.]. https:\/\/www.arubanetworks.com\/assets\/ds\/DS_AP330Series.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. https:\/\/www.getfpv.com\/lumenier-axii-5-8ghz-antenna-lhcp-rpsma-2pcs.html.  [n.d.]. https:\/\/www.getfpv.com\/lumenier-axii-5-8ghz-antenna-lhcp-rpsma-2pcs.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. https:\/\/www.vive.com\/us\/vive-tracker\/.  [n.d.]. https:\/\/www.vive.com\/us\/vive-tracker\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. http:\/\/warpproject.org.  [n.d.]. http:\/\/warpproject.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"12th {USENIX} Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation ({NSDI} 15). 279--292.","author":"Adib Fadel","unstructured":"Fadel Adib , Zachary Kabelac , and Dina Katabi . 2015. Multi-Person Localization via {RF} Body Reflections . In 12th {USENIX} Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation ({NSDI} 15). 279--292. Fadel Adib, Zachary Kabelac, and Dina Katabi. 2015. Multi-Person Localization via {RF} Body Reflections. In 12th {USENIX} Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation ({NSDI} 15). 279--292."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"11th {USENIX} Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation ({NSDI} 14). 317--329.","author":"Adib Fadel","unstructured":"Fadel Adib , Zach Kabelac , Dina Katabi , and Robert C Miller . 2014. 3D tracking via body radio reflections . In 11th {USENIX} Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation ({NSDI} 14). 317--329. Fadel Adib, Zach Kabelac, Dina Katabi, and Robert C Miller. 2014. 3D tracking via body radio reflections. In 11th {USENIX} Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation ({NSDI} 14). 317--329."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Yaakov Bar-Shalom X Rong Li and Thiagalingam Kirubarajan. 2004. Estimation with applications to tracking and navigation: theory algorithms and software.  Yaakov Bar-Shalom X Rong Li and Thiagalingam Kirubarajan. 2004. Estimation with applications to tracking and navigation: theory algorithms and software."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"2009 11th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology","volume":"1","author":"Barralet Mark","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mark Barralet , Xu Huang , and Dharmendra Sharma . 2009 . Effects of antenna polarization on RSSI based location identification . In 2009 11th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology , Vol. 1 . IEEE, 260--265. Mark Barralet, Xu Huang, and Dharmendra Sharma. 2009. Effects of antenna polarization on RSSI based location identification. In 2009 11th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology, Vol. 1. IEEE, 260--265."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Signal Processing, Sensor Fusion, and Target Recognition XV","author":"Clark Daniel","unstructured":"Daniel Clark , Ba-Ngu Vo , and Judith Bell . 2006. GM-PHD filter multitarget tracking in sonar images . In Signal Processing, Sensor Fusion, and Target Recognition XV , Vol. 6235 . International Society for Optics and Photonics , 62350R. Daniel Clark, Ba-Ngu Vo, and Judith Bell. 2006. GM-PHD filter multitarget tracking in sonar images. In Signal Processing, Sensor Fusion, and Target Recognition XV, Vol. 6235. International Society for Optics and Photonics, 62350R."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-rsn:20045068"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIF.2006.301809"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Goodness-of-fit-techniques","author":"D' Agostino Ralph B","unstructured":"Ralph B D' Agostino . 2017. Tests for the normal distribution . In Goodness-of-fit-techniques . Routledge , 367--420. Ralph B D' Agostino. 2017. Tests for the normal distribution. In Goodness-of-fit-techniques. Routledge, 367--420."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Ann Marie Raynal, Tobias J Verge, and Ralf Dunkel.","author":"Doerry Armin Walter","year":"2011","unstructured":"Armin Walter Doerry , Bryan L Burns , Douglas Lloyd Bickel , Ann Marie Raynal, Tobias J Verge, and Ralf Dunkel. 2011 . Radar Cross Section Statistics of Dismounts at Ku-band. Technical Report. Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States) . Armin Walter Doerry, Bryan L Burns, Douglas Lloyd Bickel, Ann Marie Raynal, Tobias J Verge, and Ralf Dunkel. 2011. Radar Cross Section Statistics of Dismounts at Ku-band. Technical Report. Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03091902.2016.1197978"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Martin Ester Hans-Peter Kriegel J\u00f6rg Sander Xiaowei Xu etal 1996. A density-based algorithm for discovering clusters in large spatial databases with noise. In Kdd Vol. 96. 226--231.  Martin Ester Hans-Peter Kriegel J\u00f6rg Sander Xiaowei Xu et al. 1996. A density-based algorithm for discovering clusters in large spatial databases with noise. In Kdd Vol. 96. 226--231."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/49.753729"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Signal and Data Processing of Small Targets","author":"Gilholm Kevin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kevin Gilholm , Simon Godsill , Simon Maskell , and David Salmond . 2005. Poisson models for extended target and group tracking . In Signal and Data Processing of Small Targets 2005 , Vol. 5913 . International Society for Optics and Photonics , 59130R. Kevin Gilholm, Simon Godsill, Simon Maskell, and David Salmond. 2005. Poisson models for extended target and group tracking. In Signal and Data Processing of Small Targets 2005, Vol. 5913. International Society for Optics and Photonics, 59130R."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2639108.2639139"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"17th International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION). IEEE, 1--8.","author":"Granstr\u00f6m Karl","year":"2014","unstructured":"Karl Granstr\u00f6m , Antonio Natale , Paolo Braca , Giovanni Ludeno , and Francesco Serafino . 2014 . PHD extended target tracking using an incoherent X-band radar: Preliminary real-world experimental results . In 17th International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION). IEEE, 1--8. Karl Granstr\u00f6m, Antonio Natale, Paolo Braca, Giovanni Ludeno, and Francesco Serafino. 2014. PHD extended target tracking using an incoherent X-band radar: Preliminary real-world experimental results. In 17th International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION). IEEE, 1--8."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4962980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2372312"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2017.2740963"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISWPC.2009.4800570"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists","volume":"1","author":"Huang Xu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Xu Huang , Mark Barralet , and Dharmendra Sharma . 2009 . Accuracy of location identification with antenna polarization on RSSI . In Proceedings of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists , Vol. 1 . Citeseer. Xu Huang, Mark Barralet, and Dharmendra Sharma. 2009. Accuracy of location identification with antenna polarization on RSSI. In Proceedings of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists, Vol. 1. Citeseer."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.1984.1143200"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"2012 15th International Conference on Information Fusion. IEEE, 1095--1102","author":"Jovanoska Snezhana","year":"2012","unstructured":"Snezhana Jovanoska and Reiner Thom\u00e4 . 2012 . Multiple target tracking by a distributed UWB sensor network based on the PHD filter . In 2012 15th International Conference on Information Fusion. IEEE, 1095--1102 . Snezhana Jovanoska and Reiner Thom\u00e4. 2012. Multiple target tracking by a distributed UWB sensor network based on the PHD filter. In 2012 15th International Conference on Information Fusion. IEEE, 1095--1102."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks. ACM, 181--192","author":"Karanam Chitra R","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chitra R Karanam , Belal Korany , and Yasamin Mostofi . 2019 . Tracking from One Side-Multi-Person Passive Tracking with WiFi Magnitude Measurements . In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks. ACM, 181--192 . Chitra R Karanam, Belal Korany, and Yasamin Mostofi. 2019. Tracking from One Side-Multi-Person Passive Tracking with WiFi Magnitude Measurements. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks. ACM, 181--192."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Perceived space in the HTC vive","volume":"15","author":"Kelly Jonathan W","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jonathan W Kelly , Lucia A Cherep , and Zachary D Siegel . 2017 . Perceived space in the HTC vive . ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP) 15 , 1 (2017), 2 . Jonathan W Kelly, Lucia A Cherep, and Zachary D Siegel. 2017. Perceived space in the HTC vive. ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP) 15, 1 (2017), 2.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2785956.2787487"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2016.2583501"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2971648.2971665"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3130940"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2003.1261132"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Antenna Handbook: theory, applications, and design","author":"Lo Yuen T","unstructured":"Yuen T Lo and SW Lee . 2013. Antenna Handbook: theory, applications, and design . Springer Science & Business Media . Yuen T Lo and SW Lee. 2013. Antenna Handbook: theory, applications, and design. Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"The accuracy and precision of position and orientation tracking in the HTC vive virtual reality system for scientific research. i-Perception 8, 3","author":"Niehorster Diederick C","year":"2017","unstructured":"Diederick C Niehorster , Li Li , and Markus Lappe . 2017. The accuracy and precision of position and orientation tracking in the HTC vive virtual reality system for scientific research. i-Perception 8, 3 ( 2017 ), 2041669517708205. Diederick C Niehorster, Li Li, and Markus Lappe. 2017. The accuracy and precision of position and orientation tracking in the HTC vive virtual reality system for scientific research. i-Perception 8, 3 (2017), 2041669517708205."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2012.6212210"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"2009 12th International Conference on Information Fusion. IEEE, 1171--1178","author":"Pollard Evangeline","year":"2009","unstructured":"Evangeline Pollard , Aur\u00e9lien Plyer , Benjamin Pannetier , Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Champagnat , and Guy Le Besnerais . 2009 . GM-PHD filters for multi-object tracking in uncalibrated aerial videos . In 2009 12th International Conference on Information Fusion. IEEE, 1171--1178 . Evangeline Pollard, Aur\u00e9lien Plyer, Benjamin Pannetier, Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Champagnat, and Guy Le Besnerais. 2009. GM-PHD filters for multi-object tracking in uncalibrated aerial videos. In 2009 12th International Conference on Information Fusion. IEEE, 1171--1178."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2002.1011231"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3084041.3084067"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3210240.3210314"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"Multiple emitter location and signal parameter estimation","author":"Schmidt Ralph","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ralph Schmidt . 1986. Multiple emitter location and signal parameter estimation . IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation 34, 3 ( 1986 ), 276--280. Ralph Schmidt. 1986. Multiple emitter location and signal parameter estimation. IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation 34, 3 (1986), 276--280."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3068335"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JRPROC.1958.286919"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3210240.3210347"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2015.7131250"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.883444"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300766"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"Ultrawideband multi-static scattering analysis of human movement within buildings for the purpose of stand-off detection and localization","author":"Thiel Michael","year":"2011","unstructured":"Michael Thiel and Kamal Sarabandi . 2011. Ultrawideband multi-static scattering analysis of human movement within buildings for the purpose of stand-off detection and localization . IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation 59, 4 ( 2011 ), 1261--1268. Michael Thiel and Kamal Sarabandi. 2011. Ultrawideband multi-static scattering analysis of human movement within buildings for the purpose of stand-off detection and localization. IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation 59, 4 (2011), 1261--1268."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","volume-title":"Proc. of ICUWB","author":"Udar N","year":"2007","unstructured":"N Udar , K Kant , R Viswanathan , and D Cheung . 2007 . Characterization of Ultra Wide Band Communications in Data Center Environments . Proc. of ICUWB (2007). N Udar, K Kant, R Viswanathan, and D Cheung. 2007. Characterization of Ultra Wide Band Communications in Data Center Environments. Proc. of ICUWB (2007)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-rsn:20030568"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"Optimum array processing: Part IV of detection, estimation, and modulation theory","author":"Van Trees Harry L","unstructured":"Harry L Van Trees . 2004. Optimum array processing: Part IV of detection, estimation, and modulation theory . John Wiley & Sons . Harry L Van Trees. 2004. Optimum array processing: Part IV of detection, estimation, and modulation theory. John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","volume-title":"Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol. 3, 2, Article 47 (June","author":"Raghav","year":"2019","unstructured":"Raghav H. Venkatnarayan and Muhammad Shahzad. 2019. Enhancing Indoor Inertial Odometry with WiFi . Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol. 3, 2, Article 47 (June 2019 ), 27 pages. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3328918 Raghav H. Venkatnarayan and Muhammad Shahzad. 2019. Enhancing Indoor Inertial Odometry with WiFi. Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol. 3, 2, Article 47 (June 2019), 27 pages. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3328918"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","volume-title":"Detection and estimation in sensor arrays using weighted subspace fitting","author":"Viberg Mats","year":"1991","unstructured":"Mats Viberg , Bjorn Ottersten , and Thomas Kailath . 1991. Detection and estimation in sensor arrays using weighted subspace fitting . IEEE transactions on Signal Processing 39, 11 ( 1991 ), 2436--2449. Mats Viberg, Bjorn Ottersten, and Thomas Kailath. 1991. Detection and estimation in sensor arrays using weighted subspace fitting. IEEE transactions on Signal Processing 39, 11 (1991), 2436--2449."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2006.881190"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2973750.2973776"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2971648.2971670"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2789168.2790093"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"The baby boomers grow up: Contemporary perspectives on midlife","author":"Whitbourne Susan Krauss","unstructured":"Susan Krauss Whitbourne and Sherry L Willis . 2014. The baby boomers grow up: Contemporary perspectives on midlife . Psychology Press . Susan Krauss Whitbourne and Sherry L Willis. 2014. The baby boomers grow up: Contemporary perspectives on midlife. Psychology Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/98.656155"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIF.2010.5711992"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2014.6847958"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","volume-title":"mD-Track: Leveraging Multi-Dimensionality in Passive Indoor Wi-Fi Tracking. arXiv preprint arXiv:1812.03103","author":"Xie Yaxiong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yaxiong Xie , Jie Xiong , Mo Li , and Kyle Jamieson . 2018. mD-Track: Leveraging Multi-Dimensionality in Passive Indoor Wi-Fi Tracking. arXiv preprint arXiv:1812.03103 ( 2018 ). Yaxiong Xie, Jie Xiong, Mo Li, and Kyle Jamieson. 2018. mD-Track: Leveraging Multi-Dimensionality in Passive Indoor Wi-Fi Tracking. arXiv preprint arXiv:1812.03103 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","volume-title":"Arraytrack: A fine-grained indoor location system. In Presented as part of the 10th {USENIX} Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation ({NSDI} 13). 71--84.","author":"Xiong Jie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jie Xiong and Kyle Jamieson . 2013 . Arraytrack: A fine-grained indoor location system. In Presented as part of the 10th {USENIX} Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation ({NSDI} 13). 71--84. Jie Xiong and Kyle Jamieson. 2013. Arraytrack: A fine-grained indoor location system. In Presented as part of the 10th {USENIX} Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation ({NSDI} 13). 71--84."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-018-0736-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2013.2294156"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3397317","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3397317","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T23:12:47Z","timestamp":1750201967000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3397317"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3397317"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3397317","relation":{},"ISSN":["2474-9567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2474-9567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-06-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}