{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T15:48:43Z","timestamp":1781884123972,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":71,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]],"date-time":"2021-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3397481.3450640","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]],"date-time":"2021-04-14T06:07:18Z","timestamp":1618380438000},"page":"48-58","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["ProtoAI: Model-Informed Prototyping for AI-Powered Interfaces"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Hariharan","family":"Subramonyam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information University of Michigan, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen","family":"Seifert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology U Michigan, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eytan","family":"Adar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information University of Michigan, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Adobe. 2020. Adobe XD. https:\/\/www.adobe.com\/products\/xd.html  Adobe. 2020. Adobe XD. https:\/\/www.adobe.com\/products\/xd.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/57167.57186"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702509"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300233"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Human-Computer Interaction","author":"Beaudouin-Lafon Michel","unstructured":"Michel Beaudouin-Lafon and Wendy\u00a0 E Mackay . 2009. Prototyping tools and techniques . In Human-Computer Interaction . CRC Press , 137\u2013160. Michel Beaudouin-Lafon and Wendy\u00a0E Mackay. 2009. Prototyping tools and techniques. In Human-Computer Interaction. CRC Press, 137\u2013160."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Rachel\u00a0KE Bellamy Kuntal Dey Michael Hind Samuel\u00a0C Hoffman Stephanie Houde Kalapriya Kannan Pranay Lohia Jacquelyn Martino Sameep Mehta Aleksandra Mojsilovic 2018. AI Fairness 360: An extensible toolkit for detecting understanding and mitigating unwanted algorithmic bias. arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.01943(2018).  Rachel\u00a0KE Bellamy Kuntal Dey Michael Hind Samuel\u00a0C Hoffman Stephanie Houde Kalapriya Kannan Pranay Lohia Jacquelyn Martino Sameep Mehta Aleksandra Mojsilovic 2018. AI Fairness 360: An extensible toolkit for detecting understanding and mitigating unwanted algorithmic bias. arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.01943(2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Design breakdowns, scenarios and rapid application development. Information and software technology 44, 10","author":"Beynon-Davies Paul","year":"2002","unstructured":"Paul Beynon-Davies and Steve Holmes . 2002. Design breakdowns, scenarios and rapid application development. Information and software technology 44, 10 ( 2002 ), 579\u2013592. Paul Beynon-Davies and Steve Holmes. 2002. Design breakdowns, scenarios and rapid application development. Information and software technology 44, 10 (2002), 579\u2013592."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Wizard of Oz Prototyping for Machine Learning Experiences. In Extended Abstracts of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1\u20136.","author":"Browne T","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jacob\u00a0 T Browne . 2019 . Wizard of Oz Prototyping for Machine Learning Experiences. In Extended Abstracts of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1\u20136. Jacob\u00a0T Browne. 2019. Wizard of Oz Prototyping for Machine Learning Experiences. In Extended Abstracts of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1\u20136."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/347642.347802"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"Krzysztof Budnik. 2020. Formula Parser. https:\/\/github.com\/handsontable\/formula-parser  Krzysztof Budnik. 2020. Formula Parser. https:\/\/github.com\/handsontable\/formula-parser"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Conference on fairness, accountability and transparency. 77\u201391","author":"Buolamwini Joy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Joy Buolamwini and Timnit Gebru . 2018 . Gender shades: Intersectional accuracy disparities in commercial gender classification . In Conference on fairness, accountability and transparency. 77\u201391 . Joy Buolamwini and Timnit Gebru. 2018. Gender shades: Intersectional accuracy disparities in commercial gender classification. In Conference on fairness, accountability and transparency. 77\u201391."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim Carmona Erin Finley and Meng Li. 2018. The Relationship Between User Experience and Machine Learning. Available at SSRN 3173932(2018).  Kim Carmona Erin Finley and Meng Li. 2018. The Relationship Between User Experience and Machine Learning. Available at SSRN 3173932(2018).","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3173932"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1842752.1842772"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"M Ceconello D Spallazzo and M Sciannam\u00e8. 2019. Design and AI: prospects for dialogue. (2019).  M Ceconello D Spallazzo and M Sciannam\u00e8. 2019. Design and AI: prospects for dialogue. (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1294211.1294233"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dominik Dellermann Adrian Calma Nikolaus Lipusch Thorsten Weber Sascha Weigel and Philipp Ebel. 2019. The future of human-ai collaboration: a taxonomy of design knowledge for hybrid intelligence systems. (2019).  Dominik Dellermann Adrian Calma Nikolaus Lipusch Thorsten Weber Sascha Weigel and Philipp Ebel. 2019. The future of human-ai collaboration: a taxonomy of design knowledge for hybrid intelligence systems. (2019).","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2019.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025739"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2005.93"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Fabric.js. 2020. Fabric.JS HTML Canvas Library. http:\/\/fabricjs.com\/  Fabric.js. 2020. Fabric.JS HTML Canvas Library. http:\/\/fabricjs.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"Figma. 2020. Figma. https:\/\/www.figma.com\/  Figma. 2020. Figma. https:\/\/www.figma.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3301275.3302324"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"When User Experience Designers Partner with Data Scientists. In 2017 AAAI Spring Symposium Series.","author":"Girardin Fabien","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fabien Girardin and Neal Lathia . 2017 . When User Experience Designers Partner with Data Scientists. In 2017 AAAI Spring Symposium Series. Fabien Girardin and Neal Lathia. 2017. When User Experience Designers Partner with Data Scientists. In 2017 AAAI Spring Symposium Series."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Google. 2019. People + AI Guidebook. https:\/\/pair.withgoogle.com\/  Google. 2019. People + AI Guidebook. https:\/\/pair.withgoogle.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Google. 2020. Visually probe the behavior of trained machine learning models with minimal coding.https:\/\/pair-code.github.io\/what-if-tool\/\/  Google. 2020. Visually probe the behavior of trained machine learning models with minimal coding.https:\/\/pair-code.github.io\/what-if-tool\/\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"Robert Grant. 2020. DrawMyData a tool for teaching stats and data science. http:\/\/robertgrantstats.co.uk\/drawmydata.html  Robert Grant. 2020. DrawMyData a tool for teaching stats and data science. http:\/\/robertgrantstats.co.uk\/drawmydata.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"Raymonde Guindon Herb Krasner Bill Curtis 1987. Breakdowns and processes during the early activities of software design by professionals. In Empirical studies of programmers: Second Workshop. 65\u201382.  Raymonde Guindon Herb Krasner Bill Curtis 1987. Breakdowns and processes during the early activities of software design by professionals. In Empirical studies of programmers: Second Workshop. 65\u201382."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14626268.2011.622284"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e577632012-009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1166253.1166300"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.2000.0374"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1807184115"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"2018 AAAI Spring Symposium Series.","author":"Helms Karey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Karey Helms , Barry Brown , Magnus Sahlgren , and Airi Lampinen . 2018 . Design Methods to Investigate User Experiences of Artificial Intelligence . In 2018 AAAI Spring Symposium Series. Karey Helms, Barry Brown, Magnus Sahlgren, and Airi Lampinen. 2018. Design Methods to Investigate User Experiences of Artificial Intelligence. In 2018 AAAI Spring Symposium Series."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"Alex Hern. 2020. Twitter apologises for \u2019racist\u2019 image-cropping algorithm.  Alex Hern. 2020. Twitter apologises for \u2019racist\u2019 image-cropping algorithm."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"Paul Hodel. 2020. The Javascript Spreadsheet. https:\/\/bossanova.uk\/jexcel\/v4\/  Paul Hodel. 2020. The Javascript Spreadsheet. https:\/\/bossanova.uk\/jexcel\/v4\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3085571"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/302979.303030"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"Apple Inc.2019. Designing the UI and User Experience of a Machine Learning App. https:\/\/developer.apple.com\/design\/human-interface-guidelines\/machine-learning\/overview\/introduction\/  Apple Inc.2019. Designing the UI and User Experience of a Machine Learning App. https:\/\/developer.apple.com\/design\/human-interface-guidelines\/machine-learning\/overview\/introduction\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/354401.354406"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300641"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3325480.3325500"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3310276"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1029632.1029671"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"Natasha Lomas. 2020. Twitter may let users choose how to crop image previews after bias scrutiny.  Natasha Lomas. 2020. Twitter may let users choose how to crop image previews after bias scrutiny."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Measuring usability with the use questionnaire12. Usability interface 8, 2","author":"Lund M","year":"2001","unstructured":"Arnold\u00a0 M Lund . 2001. Measuring usability with the use questionnaire12. Usability interface 8, 2 ( 2001 ), 3\u20136. Arnold\u00a0M Lund. 2001. Measuring usability with the use questionnaire12. Usability interface 8, 2 (2001), 3\u20136."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"options, and criteria: Elements of design space analysis. Human\u2013computer interaction 6, 3-4","author":"MacLean Allan","year":"1991","unstructured":"Allan MacLean , Richard\u00a0 M Young , Victoria\u00a0 ME Bellotti , and Thomas\u00a0 P Moran . 1991. Questions , options, and criteria: Elements of design space analysis. Human\u2013computer interaction 6, 3-4 ( 1991 ), 201\u2013250. Allan MacLean, Richard\u00a0M Young, Victoria\u00a0ME Bellotti, and Thomas\u00a0P Moran. 1991. Questions, options, and criteria: Elements of design space analysis. Human\u2013computer interaction 6, 3-4 (1991), 201\u2013250."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3322276.3322351"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3332165.3347866"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/169059.169215"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1124772.1124959"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3287560.3287596"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Runway ML: Machine Learning for Creators. https:\/\/runwayml.com\/","author":"Runway","year":"2018","unstructured":"Runway ML. 2018 . Runway ML: Machine Learning for Creators. https:\/\/runwayml.com\/ Runway ML. 2018. Runway ML: Machine Learning for Creators. https:\/\/runwayml.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/15886.15914"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/997078.997089"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Design Research Society","author":"Rhinow Holger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Holger Rhinow , Eva K\u00f6ppen , and Christoph Meinel . 2012 . Prototypes as boundary objects in innovation processes . In Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Design Research Society , Bangkok, Thailand. Holger Rhinow, Eva K\u00f6ppen, and Christoph Meinel. 2012. Prototypes as boundary objects in innovation processes. In Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Design Research Society, Bangkok, Thailand."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.74"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","unstructured":"Herbert\u00a0A. Simon. 1969. The sciences of the artificial (1996; Orig. ed. 1969; 2nd rev).  Herbert\u00a0A. Simon. 1969. The sciences of the artificial (1996; Orig. ed. 1969; 2nd rev)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2786805.2786808"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300628"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2018.2831899"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3097983.3098048"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3026050"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","volume-title":"Prototyping ways of prototyping AI. interactions 25, 6","author":"van Allen Philip","year":"2018","unstructured":"Philip van Allen . 2018. Prototyping ways of prototyping AI. interactions 25, 6 ( 2018 ), 46\u201351. Philip van Allen. 2018. Prototyping ways of prototyping AI. interactions 25, 6 (2018), 46\u201351."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300831"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","volume-title":"Handbook of human-computer interaction","author":"Wilson James","unstructured":"James Wilson and Daniel Rosenberg . 1988. Rapid prototyping for user interface design . In Handbook of human-computer interaction . Elsevier , 859\u2013875. James Wilson and Daniel Rosenberg. 1988. Rapid prototyping for user interface design. In Handbook of human-computer interaction. Elsevier, 859\u2013875."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","volume-title":"Understanding computers and cognition: A new foundation for design","author":"Winograd Terry","unstructured":"Terry Winograd , Fernando Flores , and Fernando\u00a0 F Flores . 1986. Understanding computers and cognition: A new foundation for design . Intellect Books . Terry Winograd, Fernando Flores, and Fernando\u00a0F Flores. 1986. Understanding computers and cognition: A new foundation for design. Intellect Books."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","unstructured":"Wireframe|CC. 2020. A Design Tool Fine Tuned for Wireframing. https:\/\/wireframe.cc\/  Wireframe|CC. 2020. A Design Tool Fine Tuned for Wireframing. https:\/\/wireframe.cc\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"User interface design: Bridging the gap from user requirements to design","author":"Wood E","unstructured":"Larry\u00a0 E Wood . 1997. User interface design: Bridging the gap from user requirements to design . CRC Press . Larry\u00a0E Wood. 1997. User interface design: Bridging the gap from user requirements to design. CRC Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_68_1","volume-title":"2018 AAAI Spring Symposium Series.","author":"Yang Qian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Qian Yang . 2018 . Machine Learning as a UX Design Material: How Can We Imagine Beyond Automation, Recommenders, and Reminders? . In 2018 AAAI Spring Symposium Series. Qian Yang. 2018. Machine Learning as a UX Design Material: How Can We Imagine Beyond Automation, Recommenders, and Reminders?. In 2018 AAAI Spring Symposium Series."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300415"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3196709.3196730"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376301"}],"event":{"name":"IUI '21: 26th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces","location":"College Station TX USA","acronym":"IUI '21","sponsor":["SIGAI ACM Special Interest Group on Artificial Intelligence","SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction"]},"container-title":["26th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3397481.3450640","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3397481.3450640","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T22:41:33Z","timestamp":1750200093000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3397481.3450640"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3397481.3450640","10.1145\/3397481"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3397481.3450640","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-04-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}