{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T03:29:56Z","timestamp":1782876596062,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"EICS","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]],"date-time":"2020-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Automatic support for web accessibility validation needs to evolve for several reasons. The increasingly recognised importance of accessibility implies that various stakeholders, with different expertise, look at it from different viewpoints and have different requirements regarding the types of outputs they expect. The technologies used to support Web application access are evolving along with the associated accessibility guidelines. We present a novel tool that aims to provide flexible and open support for addressing such issues. We describe the design of its main features, including support for recent guidelines and tailored results presentations, and report on first technical and empirical validations that have provided positive feedback.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3397871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]],"date-time":"2020-06-18T21:54:38Z","timestamp":1592517278000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Flexible Automatic Support for Web Accessibility Validation"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Broccia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR-ISTI, Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Manca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR-ISTI, Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Patern\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR-ISTI, Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Pulina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR-ISTI, Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Tools for web accessibility evaluation. Web Accessibility (pp. 479--503)","author":"Abascal J.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abascal , J. , Arrue , M. , & Valencia , X. ( 2019 ). Tools for web accessibility evaluation. Web Accessibility (pp. 479--503) . London : Springer . Abascal, J., Arrue, M., & Valencia, X. (2019). Tools for web accessibility evaluation. Web Accessibility (pp. 479--503). London: Springer."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5815\/ijitcs.2017.09.03"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-92698-6_37"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Study of Accessibility Guidelines of Mobile Applications. 17th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia (pp. 305--315)","author":"Ballantyne M.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ballantyne , M. , Jha , A. , Jacobsen , A. , Hawker , J. S. , & El-Glaly , Y. N. ( 2018 ). Study of Accessibility Guidelines of Mobile Applications. 17th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia (pp. 305--315) . ACM. Ballantyne, M., Jha, A., Jacobsen, A., Hawker, J. S., & El-Glaly, Y. N. (2018). Study of Accessibility Guidelines of Mobile Applications. 17th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia (pp. 305--315). ACM."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Kwaresmi--Knowledge-based Web Automated Evaluation with REconfigurable guidelineS optiMIzation","author":"Beirekdar A.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Beirekdar , A. , Vanderdonckt , J. , & Noirhomme-Fraiture , M. ( 2002 ). Kwaresmi--Knowledge-based Web Automated Evaluation with REconfigurable guidelineS optiMIzation . ( Springer , Ed .) DSV-IS, 2545, 362--376. Beirekdar, A., Vanderdonckt, J., & Noirhomme-Fraiture, M. (2002). Kwaresmi--Knowledge-based Web Automated Evaluation with REconfigurable guidelineS optiMIzation. (Springer, Ed.) DSV-IS, 2545, 362--376."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"INTERACT","author":"Beirekdar A.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Beirekdar A. , Keita M. , Noirhomme M. , Randolet F. , Vanderdonckt J. , Mariage C. ( 2005 ) Flexible Reporting for Automated Usability and Accessibility Evaluation of Web Sites. In: Costabile M.F., Patern\u00f2 F. (eds) Human-Computer Interaction - INTERACT 2005 . INTERACT 2005. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 3585. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg Beirekdar A., Keita M., Noirhomme M., Randolet F., Vanderdonckt J., Mariage C. (2005) Flexible Reporting for Automated Usability and Accessibility Evaluation of Web Sites. In: Costabile M.F., Patern\u00f2 F. (eds) Human-Computer Interaction - INTERACT 2005. INTERACT 2005. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 3585. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Comparing accessibility evaluation tools: a method for tool effectiveness. Universal access in the information society, 3(3--4), 252--263","author":"Brajnik G.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brajnik , G. ( 2004 ). Comparing accessibility evaluation tools: a method for tool effectiveness. Universal access in the information society, 3(3--4), 252--263 . Brajnik, G. (2004). Comparing accessibility evaluation tools: a method for tool effectiveness. Universal access in the information society, 3(3--4), 252--263."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Automatic Web Accessibility Metrics. Where we were and where we went","author":"Brajnik G.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brajnik , G. , & Vigo , M. ( 2019 ). Automatic Web Accessibility Metrics. Where we were and where we went . ( Springer , Ed .) Web Accessibility, 505--521. Brajnik, G., & Vigo, M. (2019). Automatic Web Accessibility Metrics. Where we were and where we went. (Springer, Ed.) Web Accessibility, 505--521."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Web content accessibility guidelines (WCAG) 2.1.","author":"Consortium","year":"2018","unstructured":"Consortium , W. W. ( 2018 ). Web content accessibility guidelines (WCAG) 2.1. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/WCAG21\/ Consortium, W. W. (2018). Web content accessibility guidelines (WCAG) 2.1. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/WCAG21\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"EU Commission. (2016 October 26). Directive (EU) 2016\/2102 of the European Parliament and of the Council. Retrieved from https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/dir\/2016\/2102\/oj  EU Commission. (2016 October 26). Directive (EU) 2016\/2102 of the European Parliament and of the Council. Retrieved from https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/dir\/2016\/2102\/oj"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2596695.2596698"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1535654.1535661"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1805986.1806019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1744161.1744168"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/503112.503114"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction (pp. 498--506)","author":"Lazar J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lazar , J. , & Olalere , A. ( 2011 ). Investigation of best practices for maintaining section 508 Compliance in US federal web sites . International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction (pp. 498--506) . Berlin : Springer. Lazar, J., & Olalere, A. (2011). Investigation of best practices for maintaining section 508 Compliance in US federal web sites. International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction (pp. 498--506). Berlin: Springer."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300738"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2049536.2049566"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3335595.3335651"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-41264-1_35"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Jacob Nielsen Success Rate: The Simplest Usability Metric https:\/\/www.nngroup.com\/articles\/success-rate-the-simplest-usability-metric\/  Jacob Nielsen Success Rate: The Simplest Usability Metric https:\/\/www.nngroup.com\/articles\/success-rate-the-simplest-usability-metric\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of W3C Online Symposium on Website Accessibility Metrics.","author":"Nietzio A.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nietzio , A. , Eibegger , M. , Goodwin , M. , & Snaprud , M. ( 2011 ). Towards a score function for WCAG 2.0 benchmarking . Proceedings of W3C Online Symposium on Website Accessibility Metrics. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.w3.org\/WAI\/RD\/2011\/metrics\/paper11 Nietzio, A., Eibegger, M., Goodwin, M., & Snaprud, M. (2011). Towards a score function for WCAG 2.0 benchmarking. Proceedings of W3C Online Symposium on Website Accessibility Metrics. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.w3.org\/WAI\/RD\/2011\/metrics\/paper11"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2745395"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2207736"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"An extensible environment for guideline-based accessibility evaluation of dynamic Web applications. Universal access in the information society, 14(1), 111--132","author":"Schiavone A. G.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schiavone , A. G. , & Patern\u00f2 , F. ( 2015 ). An extensible environment for guideline-based accessibility evaluation of dynamic Web applications. Universal access in the information society, 14(1), 111--132 . Schiavone, A. G., & Patern\u00f2, F. (2015). An extensible environment for guideline-based accessibility evaluation of dynamic Web applications. Universal access in the information society, 14(1), 111--132."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3397871","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3397871","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T22:38:53Z","timestamp":1750199933000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3397871"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"EICS","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3397871"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3397871","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-06-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}