{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:23:11Z","timestamp":1750220591013,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,4]],"date-time":"2020-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Internet Things"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm combines the interconnection of massive amounts of battery-constrained and low-computational-power devices with low-latency and high-reliability network requirements. Additionally, diverse end-to-end services and applications with different Quality of Service (QoS) requirements are expected to coexist in the same network infrastructure. Software-defined Networking (SDN) is a paradigm designed to solve these problems, but its implementation in wireless networks and especially in the resource-constrained IoT systems is extremely challenging and has seen very limited adoption, since it requires isolation of data and control plane information flows and a reliable and scalable control plane. In this work, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) mesh is introduced as an adequate technology for an all-wireless SDN-BLE implementation, which is a technology that has become the de-facto standard for IoT. The proposed SDN-BLE framework uses a routing network slice for the data plane information flow and a flooding network slice for the control plane information flow, ensuring their isolation while still being transmitted over the wireless medium. The design and implementation of all the classical SDN layers on a hybrid BLE mesh testbed is given, where the data plane is formed by the BLE nodes and the control plane can be centralized on a server or distributed over several WiFi gateways. Several controllers are described and implemented, allowing the framework to obtain end-to-end network knowledge to manage individual nodes over the air and configure their behavior to meet application requirements. An experimental characterization of the SDN-BLE framework is given, where the impact of the different parameters of the system on the network reliability, overhead, and energy consumption is studied. Additionally, the distributed versus centralized control plane operation modes are experimentally characterized, and it is shown that the distributed approach can provide the same performance as the centralized one when careful system design is performed. Finally, a proof of concept for the SDN-BLE framework is presented, where a network congestion is automatically detected and the nodes responsible of such congestion are identified and reconfigured over the air, bypassing the congested links, to resume regular network performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3403581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,4]],"date-time":"2020-08-04T16:53:18Z","timestamp":1596559998000},"page":"1-30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["An All-wireless SDN Framework for BLE Mesh"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Yuri","family":"Murillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Chiumento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, Belgium and Trinity College, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brecht","family":"Reynders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofie","family":"Pollin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,4]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th IEEE Conference on Network Softwarization and Workshops (NetSoft\u201918)","year":"2018","author":"Baddeley Michael","key":"e_1_2_1_1_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2746186"},{"volume-title":"Bluetooth Core Specification v5.1","author":"Bluetooth SIG.","key":"e_1_2_1_3_1"},{"volume-title":"Mesh Profile Specification v1.0.1","author":"Bluetooth SIG.","key":"e_1_2_1_4_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Workshops (WCNCW\u201918)","year":"2018","author":"Chiumento Alessandro","key":"e_1_2_1_5_1"},{"volume-title":"Analysis of latency performance of bluetooth low energy (BLE) networks. Sensors 15 (Dec","year":"2014","author":"Cho Keuchul","key":"e_1_2_1_6_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2015.2481203"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","DOI":"10.1145\/2602204.2602219"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks. IEEE, 73--84","year":"2011","author":"Ferrari Federico","key":"e_1_2_1_9_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2011.092011.111314"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/ACM 26th International Symposium on Quality of Service (IWQoS\u201918)","year":"2018","author":"Grandi Matteo","key":"e_1_2_1_11_1"},{"unstructured":"Hardkernel. [n.d.]. Odroid-C2 Single-board Computer Website. https:\/\/www.hardkernel.com\/shop\/odroid-c2\/.  Hardkernel. [n.d.]. Odroid-C2 Single-board Computer Website. https:\/\/www.hardkernel.com\/shop\/odroid-c2\/.","key":"e_1_2_1_12_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Services Computing. 285--292","year":"2015","author":"Hassanalieragh Moeen","key":"e_1_2_1_13_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2003.1241089"},{"unstructured":"R. Kelsey and J. Hui. 2016. Multicast protocol for low-power and lossy networks (MPL). Internet Eng. Task Force RFC 7731 (2016).  R. Kelsey and J. Hui. 2016. Multicast protocol for low-power and lossy networks (MPL). Internet Eng. Task Force RFC 7731 (2016).","key":"e_1_2_1_15_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","DOI":"10.3390\/s140711993"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2666200"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2014.2371999"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Levis T. Clausen J. Hui O. Gnawali and J. Ko. 2011. The Trickle Algorithm. RFC 6206. Retrieved from https:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/rfc6206.  P. Levis T. Clausen J. Hui O. Gnawali and J. Ko. 2011. The Trickle Algorithm. RFC 6206. Retrieved from https:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/rfc6206.","key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc6206"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2009.2037497","article-title":"Passive diagnosis for wireless sensor networks","volume":"18","author":"Liu Yunhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2012.092812.121712"},{"unstructured":"M-Way Solutions. [n.d.]. FruityMesh. Retrieved from https:\/\/github.com\/mwaylabs\/fruitymesh.  M-Way Solutions. [n.d.]. FruityMesh. Retrieved from https:\/\/github.com\/mwaylabs\/fruitymesh.","key":"e_1_2_1_22_1"},{"volume-title":"Penna","year":"2018","author":"Miguel Marcio L. F.","key":"e_1_2_1_23_1"},{"unstructured":"Mikrotik. [n.d.]. RB912UAG-2HPnD Routerboard Website. Retrieved from https:\/\/mikrotik.com\/product\/RB912UAG-2HPnD.  Mikrotik. [n.d.]. RB912UAG-2HPnD Routerboard Website. Retrieved from https:\/\/mikrotik.com\/product\/RB912UAG-2HPnD.","key":"e_1_2_1_24_1"},{"volume-title":"Whisper: Programmable and flexible control on industrial IoT networks. Sensors 18 (Nov.","year":"2018","author":"Municio Esteban","key":"e_1_2_1_25_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC\u201919)","year":"2019","author":"Murillo Yuri","key":"e_1_2_1_26_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE 28th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC\u201917)","year":"2017","author":"Murillo Yuri","key":"e_1_2_1_27_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"A multiprotocol low-cost automated testbed for BLE mesh","volume":"57","author":"Murillo Yuri","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Communications and Vehicular Technology (SCVT\u201918)","year":"2018","author":"Taladriz Clara Nieto","key":"e_1_2_1_29_1"},{"unstructured":"Nordic Semiconductor. [n.d.]. Nordic NRF52 Development Board Website. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.nordicsemi.com\/eng\/Products\/Bluetooth-low-energy\/nRF52-DK.  Nordic Semiconductor. [n.d.]. Nordic NRF52 Development Board Website. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.nordicsemi.com\/eng\/Products\/Bluetooth-low-energy\/nRF52-DK.","key":"e_1_2_1_30_1"},{"unstructured":"Nordic Semiconductor. [n.d.]. Nordic NRF52 Online Power Profiler. Retrieved from https:\/\/devzone.nordicsemi.com\/power\/.  Nordic Semiconductor. [n.d.]. Nordic NRF52 Online Power Profiler. Retrieved from https:\/\/devzone.nordicsemi.com\/power\/.","key":"e_1_2_1_31_1"},{"unstructured":"Open Networking Foundation. 2012. Software-defined networking: The new norm for networks. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.opennetworking.org\/images\/stories\/downloads\/sdn-resources\/white-papers\/wp-sdn-newnorm.pdf.  Open Networking Foundation. 2012. Software-defined networking: The new norm for networks. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.opennetworking.org\/images\/stories\/downloads\/sdn-resources\/white-papers\/wp-sdn-newnorm.pdf.","key":"e_1_2_1_32_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNCW.2012.6215496"},{"volume-title":"Lukkien","year":"2015","author":"Stolikj Milosh","key":"e_1_2_1_34_1"},{"unstructured":"Pascal Thubert. 2018. An Architecture for IPv6 Over the TSCH Mode of IEEE 802.15.4. Internet-Draft Draft-ietf-6tisch-architecture-19. Internet Engineering Task Force. Retrieved from https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/doc\/html\/draft-ietf-6tisch-architecture-19.  Pascal Thubert. 2018. An Architecture for IPv6 Over the TSCH Mode of IEEE 802.15.4. Internet-Draft Draft-ietf-6tisch-architecture-19. Internet Engineering Task Force. Retrieved from https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/doc\/html\/draft-ietf-6tisch-architecture-19.","key":"e_1_2_1_35_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS\u201917)","year":"2017","author":"Uddin Mostafa","key":"e_1_2_1_36_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks (ICUFN\u201916)","year":"2016","author":"Zenker Philipp","key":"e_1_2_1_37_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN\u201915)","year":"2015","author":"Zubow Anatolij","key":"e_1_2_1_38_1"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Internet of Things"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3403581","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3403581","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T21:31:46Z","timestamp":1750195906000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3403581"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,4]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3403581"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3403581","relation":{},"ISSN":["2691-1914","2577-6207"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2691-1914"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2577-6207"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-07-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-05-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-08-04","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}