{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T12:12:28Z","timestamp":1772885548264,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]],"date-time":"2020-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Horizon 2020 Privacy & Us","award":["675730"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["675730"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Web"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent progress in genomics has enabled the emergence of a flourishing market for direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing. Companies like 23andMe and AncestryDNA provide affordable health, genealogy, and ancestry reports, and have already tested tens of millions of customers. Consequently, news, experiences, and views on genetic testing are increasingly shared and discussed on social media. At the same time, far-right groups have also taken an interest in genetic testing, using them to attack minorities and prove their genetic \u201cpurity.\u201d<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>In this article, we set to study the genetic testing discourse on a number of mainstream and fringe Web communities. We do so in two steps. First, we conduct an exploratory, large-scale analysis of the genetic testing discourse on a mainstream social network such as Twitter. We find that the genetic testing discourse is fueled by accounts that appear to be interested in digital health and technology. However, we also identify tweets with highly racist connotations. This motivates us to explore the connection between genetic testing and racism on platforms with a reputation for toxicity, namely, Reddit and 4chan, where we find that discussions around genetic testing often include highly toxic language expressed through hateful and racist comments. In particular, on 4chan\u2019s politically incorrect board (\/pol\/), content from genetic testing conversations involves several alt-right personalities and openly anti-semitic rhetoric, often conveyed through memes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3404994","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T04:13:48Z","timestamp":1598415228000},"page":"1-38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Analyzing Genetic Testing Discourse on the Web Through the Lens of Twitter, Reddit, and 4chan"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Alexandros","family":"Mittos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London"}]},{"given":"Savvas","family":"Zannettou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Informatics"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Blackburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Binghamton University"}]},{"given":"Emiliano De","family":"Cristofaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Reddit. 2020. Reddit Metrics. Retrieved from https:\/\/redditmetrics.com\/history.  Reddit. 2020. Reddit Metrics. Retrieved from https:\/\/redditmetrics.com\/history."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702153"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"ADL. 2019. Pepe the Frog. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.adl.org\/education\/references\/hate-symbols\/pepe-the-frog.  ADL. 2019. Pepe the Frog. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.adl.org\/education\/references\/hate-symbols\/pepe-the-frog."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"AncestryDNA. 2019. Ancestry Company Facts. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ancestry.com\/corporate\/about-ancestry\/company-facts.  AncestryDNA. 2019. Ancestry Company Facts. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ancestry.com\/corporate\/about-ancestry\/company-facts."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2016.86"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doron M. Behar Mait Metspalu Yael Baran et\u00a0al. 2013. No evidence from genome-wide data of a Khazar origin for the Ashkenazi jews. Human Biol. 85 6 (2013).  Doron M. Behar Mait Metspalu Yael Baran et\u00a0al. 2013. No evidence from genome-wide data of a Khazar origin for the Ashkenazi jews. Human Biol. 85 6 (2013).","DOI":"10.13110\/humanbiology.85.6.0859"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"1167","article-title":"Hate speech and covert discrimination on social media: Monitoring the facebook pages of extreme-right political parties in spain","volume":"10","author":"Ben-David Anat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Commun."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ICWSM.","author":"Bernstein Michael","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Joe Bish. 2016. Vice News. Examining the Right Wing British Blowhards Using YouTube to Prove Everybody Wrong. Retrieved from https:\/\/bit.ly\/2qN4SMG.  Joe Bish. 2016. Vice News. Examining the Right Wing British Blowhards Using YouTube to Prove Everybody Wrong. Retrieved from https:\/\/bit.ly\/2qN4SMG."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/944919.944937"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-5468\/2008\/10\/P10008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Eric Boodman. 2016. White Nationalists Are Flocking To Genetic Ancestry Tests\u2014But Many Don\u2019t Like Their Results. Retrieved from https:\/\/read.bi\/2DEaQYY.  Eric Boodman. 2016. White Nationalists Are Flocking To Genetic Ancestry Tests\u2014But Many Don\u2019t Like Their Results. Retrieved from https:\/\/read.bi\/2DEaQYY."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"Katie Sullivan Borrelli. 2018. PressConnects. DNA Tales: These People Found Long-Lost or Never-Known Relatives. Retrieved from https:\/\/bit.ly\/2FxDye2.  Katie Sullivan Borrelli. 2018. PressConnects. DNA Tales: These People Found Long-Lost or Never-Known Relatives. Retrieved from https:\/\/bit.ly\/2FxDye2."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304567"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pete Burnap Matthew L. Williams Luke Sloan Omer Rana William Housley Adam Edwards Vincent Knight Rob Procter and Alex Voss. 2014. Tweeting the terror: Modelling the social media reaction to the Woolwich terrorist attack. Soc. Netw. Anal. Min. 4 1 (2014).  Pete Burnap Matthew L. Williams Luke Sloan Omer Rana William Housley Adam Edwards Vincent Knight Rob Procter and Alex Voss. 2014. Tweeting the terror: Modelling the social media reaction to the Woolwich terrorist attack. Soc. Netw. Anal. Min. 4 1 (2014).","DOI":"10.1007\/s13278-014-0206-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-062110-123753"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patricia A. Cavazos-Rehg Melissa J. Krauss Shaina J. Sowles and Laura J. Bierut. 2015. Hey everyone I\u2019m drunk. An evaluation of drinking-related Twitter chatter. JSAD 76 4 (2015).  Patricia A. Cavazos-Rehg Melissa J. Krauss Shaina J. Sowles and Laura J. Bierut. 2015. Hey everyone I\u2019m drunk. An evaluation of drinking-related Twitter chatter. JSAD 76 4 (2015).","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2015.76.635"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3134666"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3026018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3041021.3053890"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3091478.3091487"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"448","article-title":"Warren buffet is my cousin\u201d: Shaping public understanding of big data biotechnology, direct-to-consumer genomics, and 23andme on Twitter. Info","volume":"21","author":"Chow-White Peter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Commun. Soc."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14636778.2016.1162092"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Matthew Claxton. 2017. Abbotsford News. Former Langley Libertarian candidate detained in Italy. Retrieved from https:\/\/bit.ly\/2PUIQWC.  Matthew Claxton. 2017. Abbotsford News. Former Langley Libertarian candidate detained in Italy. Retrieved from https:\/\/bit.ly\/2PUIQWC."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. W. Clayton C. M. Halverson N. A. Sathe and B. A. Malin. 2018. A systematic literature review of individuals\u2019 perspectives on privacy and genetic information in the united states. PLoS ONE 13 10 (2018).  E. W. Clayton C. M. Halverson N. A. Sathe and B. A. Malin. 2018. A systematic literature review of individuals\u2019 perspectives on privacy and genetic information in the united states. PLoS ONE 13 10 (2018).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204417"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/W14-3207"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444818775968"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.12166"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ICWSM.","author":"Davidson Thomas","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ICWSM.","author":"Choudhury Munmun De","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ICWSM.","author":"Choudhury Munmun De","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the CEUR Workshop. 86--95","author":"Vigna Fabio Del","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"DNARomance. 2018. Online Dating Based on Science. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.dnaromance.com\/.  DNARomance. 2018. Online Dating Based on Science. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.dnaromance.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the KDD.","author":"Ester Martin","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"FDA. 2017. FDA allows marketing of first direct-to-consumer tests that provide genetic risk information for certain conditions. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/newsevents\/newsroom\/pressannouncements\/ucm551185.htm.  FDA. 2017. FDA allows marketing of first direct-to-consumer tests that provide genetic risk information for certain conditions. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/newsevents\/newsroom\/pressannouncements\/ucm551185.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","unstructured":"Ari Feldman. 2017. 23andMe Backpedals on Khazar Theory But The \u201cAlt-Right\u201d Eats It Up Anyway. Retrieved from http:\/\/forward.com\/news\/national\/381500\/23andme-backpedals-on-khazar-theory-but-the-alt-right-eats-it-up-anyway\/.  Ari Feldman. 2017. 23andMe Backpedals on Khazar Theory But The \u201cAlt-Right\u201d Eats It Up Anyway. Retrieved from http:\/\/forward.com\/news\/national\/381500\/23andme-backpedals-on-khazar-theory-but-the-alt-right-eats-it-up-anyway\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"Joel Finkelstein Savvas Zannettou Barry Bradlyn and Jeremy Blackburn. 2018. A quantitative approach to understanding online antisemitism. CoRR abs\/1809.01644.  Joel Finkelstein Savvas Zannettou Barry Bradlyn and Jeremy Blackburn. 2018. A quantitative approach to understanding online antisemitism. CoRR abs\/1809.01644."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ICWSM.","author":"Flores-Saviaga Claudia","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3292522.3326028"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","unstructured":"Amanda Froelich. 2014. True Activist. This is What Americans Will Look like by 2050. Retrieved from https:\/\/bit.ly\/2vpAIEH.  Amanda Froelich. 2014. True Activist. This is What Americans Will Look like by 2050. Retrieved from https:\/\/bit.ly\/2vpAIEH."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","unstructured":"GEDmatch. 2019. Retrieved from https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GEDmatch.  GEDmatch. 2019. Retrieved from https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GEDmatch."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","unstructured":"Genetics Home Reference. 2019. What is the Precision Medicine Initiative? Retrieved from https:\/\/ghr.nlm.nih.gov\/primer\/precisionmedicine\/initiative.  Genetics Home Reference. 2019. What is the Precision Medicine Initiative? Retrieved from https:\/\/ghr.nlm.nih.gov\/primer\/precisionmedicine\/initiative."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"Genomics England. 2019. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.genomicsengland.co.uk\/.  Genomics England. 2019. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.genomicsengland.co.uk\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melissa Gymrek Amy L. McGuire David Golan Eran Halperin and Yaniv Erlich. 2013. Identifying personal genomes by surname inference. Science 339 6117 (2013) 321--324.  Melissa Gymrek Amy L. McGuire David Golan Eran Halperin and Yaniv Erlich. 2013. Identifying personal genomes by surname inference. Science 339 6117 (2013) 321--324.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1229566"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4375-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","unstructured":"Liz Harley. 2016. White House hosts Precision Medicine Initiative Summit. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.frontlinegenomics.com\/white-house-hosts-precision-medicine-initiative-summit\/.  Liz Harley. 2016. White House hosts Precision Medicine Initiative Summit. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.frontlinegenomics.com\/white-house-hosts-precision-medicine-initiative-summit\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","unstructured":"Amy Harmon. 2018. New York Times. Why White Supremacists Are Chugging Milk (and Why Geneticists Are Alarmed). Retrieved from https:\/\/nyti.ms\/2Afg4Ho.  Amy Harmon. 2018. New York Times. Why White Supremacists Are Chugging Milk (and Why Geneticists Are Alarmed). Retrieved from https:\/\/nyti.ms\/2Afg4Ho."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","unstructured":"Helix. 2017. DNA Technologies 101 Genotyping vs. Sequencing and What They Mean for You. Retrieved from https:\/\/blog.helix.com\/dna-technologies-genotyping-vs-sequencing\/.  Helix. 2017. DNA Technologies 101 Genotyping vs. Sequencing and What They Mean for You. Retrieved from https:\/\/blog.helix.com\/dna-technologies-genotyping-vs-sequencing\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ICWSM.","author":"Hine Gabriel Emile","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-27433-1_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","unstructured":"Internet Live Stats. 2017. Internet Users by Country (2016). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.internetlivestats.com\/internet-users-by-country\/.  Internet Live Stats. 2017. Internet Users by Country (2016). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.internetlivestats.com\/internet-users-by-country\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ICWSM.","author":"Kasunic Anna","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1772690.1772751"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","unstructured":"Eric S. Lander Lauren M. Linton Bruce Birren Chad Nusbaum Michael C. Zody Jennifer Baldwin Keri Devon Ken Dewar Michael Doyle William FitzHugh et\u00a0al. 2001. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 409 6822 (2001) 860--921.  Eric S. Lander Lauren M. Linton Bruce Birren Chad Nusbaum Michael C. Zody Jennifer Baldwin Keri Devon Ken Dewar Michael Doyle William FitzHugh et\u00a0al. 2001. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 409 6822 (2001) 860--921."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ICWSM.","author":"Lerman Kristina","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","unstructured":"Stephen Marche. 2016. The Guardian. Swallowing the Red Pill: A Journey to the Heart of Modern Misogyny. Retrieved from https:\/\/bit.ly\/2Chey99.  Stephen Marche. 2016. The Guardian. Swallowing the Red Pill: A Journey to the Heart of Modern Misogyny. Retrieved from https:\/\/bit.ly\/2Chey99."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1978975"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","unstructured":"Medical Press. 2018. U.S. Craze for DNA \u201cheritage\u201d Tests May Bolster Racism Critics Warn. Retrieved from https:\/\/medicalxpress.com\/news\/2018-10-craze-dna-heritage-bolster-racism.html.  Medical Press. 2018. U.S. Craze for DNA \u201cheritage\u201d Tests May Bolster Racism Critics Warn. Retrieved from https:\/\/medicalxpress.com\/news\/2018-10-craze-dna-heritage-bolster-racism.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the NIPS.","author":"Mikolov Tomas","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-017-0712-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2006.881948"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","unstructured":"Robert S. Mueller. 2019. Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election. U.S. Department of Justice.  Robert S. Mueller. 2019. Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election. U.S. Department of Justice."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","unstructured":"NHGRI. 2018. The Cost of Sequencing a Human Genome. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.genome.gov\/sequencingcosts\/.  NHGRI. 2018. The Cost of Sequencing a Human Genome. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.genome.gov\/sequencingcosts\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1159\/000365508","article-title":"Perceptions of genetic testing for personalized nutrition: A randomized trial of DNA-based dietary advice","volume":"7","author":"Nielsen Daiva E.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lifestyle Genom."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","unstructured":"NIH. 2017. All of Us. Retrieved from https:\/\/allofus.nih.gov\/.  NIH. 2017. All of Us. Retrieved from https:\/\/allofus.nih.gov\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","unstructured":"NIH. 2019. What Is Genetic Ancestry Testing? Retrieved from https:\/\/ghr.nlm.nih.gov\/primer\/dtcgenetictesting\/ancestrytesting.  NIH. 2019. What Is Genetic Ancestry Testing? Retrieved from https:\/\/ghr.nlm.nih.gov\/primer\/dtcgenetictesting\/ancestrytesting."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"Reddit. In Proceedings of the ICWSM.","author":"Nobles Alicia L."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ICWSM.","author":"Olteanu Alexandra"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3201064.3201081"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aaron Panofsky and Joan Donovan. 2017. When Genetics Challenges a Racist\u2019s Identity: Genetic Ancestry Testing among White Nationalists. Retrieved from https:\/\/osf.io\/preprints\/socarxiv\/7f9bc\/.  Aaron Panofsky and Joan Donovan. 2017. When Genetics Challenges a Racist\u2019s Identity: Genetic Ancestry Testing among White Nationalists. Retrieved from https:\/\/osf.io\/preprints\/socarxiv\/7f9bc\/.","DOI":"10.31235\/osf.io\/7f9bc"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aaron Panofsky and Joan Donovan. 2019. Genetic ancestry testing among white nationalists: From identity repair to citizen science. Soc. Studies Sci. 49.5 (2019) 653\u2013681.  Aaron Panofsky and Joan Donovan. 2019. Genetic ancestry testing among white nationalists: From identity repair to citizen science. Soc. Studies Sci. 49.5 (2019) 653\u2013681.","DOI":"10.1177\/0306312719861434"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media","volume":"14","author":"Papasavva Antonis","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ICWSM.","author":"Michael"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","unstructured":"Perspective. 2019. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.perspectiveapi.com\/.  Perspective. 2019. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.perspectiveapi.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","unstructured":"Andelka M. Phillips. 2018. Data on Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing and DNA Testing Companies. Retrieved from https:\/\/zenodo.org\/record\/1183565.XyV4UyhKiUk.  Andelka M. Phillips. 2018. Data on Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing and DNA Testing Companies. Retrieved from https:\/\/zenodo.org\/record\/1183565.XyV4UyhKiUk."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the EMNPL.","author":"Prasetyo Nugroho Dwi"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","unstructured":"Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues. 2012. Privacy and Progress in Whole Genome Sequencing. Retrieved from https:\/\/bioethicsarchive.georgetown.edu\/pcsbi\/node\/764.html.  Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues. 2012. Privacy and Progress in Whole Genome Sequencing. Retrieved from https:\/\/bioethicsarchive.georgetown.edu\/pcsbi\/node\/764.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","unstructured":"Reddit. 2020. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.redditinc.com\/press.  Reddit. 2020. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.redditinc.com\/press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","unstructured":"Elspeth Reeve. 2016. Vice News\u2014White Nonsense: Alt-right trolls are arguing over genetic tests they think prove their whiteness. Retrieved from http:\/\/bit.ly\/2DhP90h.  Elspeth Reeve. 2016. Vice News\u2014White Nonsense: Alt-right trolls are arguing over genetic tests they think prove their whiteness. Retrieved from http:\/\/bit.ly\/2DhP90h."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","unstructured":"Elspeth Reeve. 2016. Vice News. White Nonsense. Retrieved from https:\/\/bit.ly\/2DhP90h.  Elspeth Reeve. 2016. Vice News. White Nonsense. Retrieved from https:\/\/bit.ly\/2DhP90h."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the NLPFrameworks.","author":"\u0158eh\u016f\u0159ek Radim","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","unstructured":"David Reich. 2018. New York Times. How Genetics Is Changing Our Understanding of \u201cRace.\u201d Retrieevd from https:\/\/nyti.ms\/2pUxFOw.  David Reich. 2018. New York Times. How Genetics Is Changing Our Understanding of \u201cRace.\u201d Retrieevd from https:\/\/nyti.ms\/2pUxFOw."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ICWSM.","author":"Ribeiro Manoel Horta","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","first-page":"08313","article-title":"Auditing radicalization pathways on youtube","volume":"1908","author":"Ribeiro Manoel Horta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arxiv Preprint Arxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caitlin M. Rivers and Bryan L. Lewis. 2014. Ethical research standards in a world of big data. F1000Res. 3 (2014).  Caitlin M. Rivers and Bryan L. Lewis. 2014. Ethical research standards in a world of big data. F1000Res. 3 (2014).","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.3-38.v2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/697487"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","unstructured":"Tina Hesman Saey. 2018. What I Actually Learned About My Family After Trying 5 DNA Ancestry Tests. Retrieved from https:\/\/bit.ly\/2zaUIKy.  Tina Hesman Saey. 2018. What I Actually Learned About My Family After Trying 5 DNA Ancestry Tests. Retrieved from https:\/\/bit.ly\/2zaUIKy."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2015.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ICWSM.","author":"Silva Leandro","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","unstructured":"David Sims. 2016. The Battle Over Adult Swim\u2019s Alt-Right TV Show. Retrieved from https:\/\/bit.ly\/2g06PPK.  David Sims. 2016. The Battle Over Adult Swim\u2019s Alt-Right TV Show. Retrieved from https:\/\/bit.ly\/2g06PPK."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","unstructured":"SoccerGenomics. 2018. Unlock The Player Within You. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.soccergenomics.com\/.  SoccerGenomics. 2018. Unlock The Player Within You. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.soccergenomics.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","unstructured":"SPLC. 2017. Male Supremacy. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.splcenter.org\/fighting-hate\/extremist-files\/ideology\/male-supremacy.  SPLC. 2017. Male Supremacy. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.splcenter.org\/fighting-hate\/extremist-files\/ideology\/male-supremacy."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","unstructured":"SPLC. 2019. Atomwaffen Division. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.splcenter.org\/fighting-hate\/extremist-files\/group\/atomwaffen-division.  SPLC. 2019. Atomwaffen Division. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.splcenter.org\/fighting-hate\/extremist-files\/group\/atomwaffen-division."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_1","unstructured":"Liam Stack. 2017. New York Times. Alt-Right Alt-Left Antifa: A Glossary of Extremist Language. Retrieved from https:\/\/nyti.ms\/2uGOTV5.  Liam Stack. 2017. New York Times. Alt-Right Alt-Left Antifa: A Glossary of Extremist Language. Retrieved from https:\/\/nyti.ms\/2uGOTV5."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_95_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the WSDM.","author":"Stewart Leo G.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_96_1","article-title":"Sentiment strength detection in short informal text","volume":"61","author":"Thelwall Mike","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Info. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_97_1","unstructured":"Twitter. 2019. Hateful Conduct Policy. Retrieved from https:\/\/help.twitter.com\/en\/rules-and-policies\/hateful-conduct-policy.  Twitter. 2019. Hateful Conduct Policy. Retrieved from https:\/\/help.twitter.com\/en\/rules-and-policies\/hateful-conduct-policy."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_98_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ICWSM.","author":"Varol Onur","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_99_1","unstructured":"Chris Welch and Sara Ganim. 2016. CNN. White Supremacist Richard Spencer: \u2019We reached tens of millions of people\u2019 with video. Retrieved from https:\/\/cnn.it\/2T7z5D8.  Chris Welch and Sara Ganim. 2016. CNN. White Supremacist Richard Spencer: \u2019We reached tens of millions of people\u2019 with video. Retrieved from https:\/\/cnn.it\/2T7z5D8."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_100_1","unstructured":"Queenie Wong. 2019. Facebook\u2019s Privacy Mishaps: Zuckerberg Could Be Held Accountable Report Says. Retrieved from https:\/\/cnet.co\/2VDJUlu.  Queenie Wong. 2019. Facebook\u2019s Privacy Mishaps: Zuckerberg Could Be Held Accountable Report Says. Retrieved from https:\/\/cnet.co\/2VDJUlu."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3278532.3278550"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3131365.3131390"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_103_1","unstructured":"Zephoria. 2020. Top 10 Twitter Statistics\u2014Updated February 2020. Retrieved from https:\/\/zephoria.com\/twitter-statistics-top-ten\/.  Zephoria. 2020. Top 10 Twitter Statistics\u2014Updated February 2020. Retrieved from https:\/\/zephoria.com\/twitter-statistics-top-ten\/."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on the Web"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3404994","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3404994","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T21:32:09Z","timestamp":1750195929000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3404994"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3404994"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3404994","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-1131","1559-114X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-1131","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-114X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-10-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-06-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-08-25","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}