{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T08:48:56Z","timestamp":1771577336725,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Erasmus+ International Credit Mobility","award":["KA107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KA107"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Emerg. Technol. Comput. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Approximate computing has emerged as an efficient design approach for applications with inherent error resilience. Low-power approximate adders (LPAAs), for instance, IMPACT and InXA, are being advocated as building blocks for approximate computing hardware. For their practical adoption, the error caused by these units needs to be pre-evaluated and compared with maximum allowable error bounds for an application. To address this problem, we present PEAL, a Probabilistic\n            <jats:italic>error analysis<\/jats:italic>\n            methodology for\n            <jats:italic>Low-power Approximate Single and Multi-layered Adder Architectures<\/jats:italic>\n            , while considering variable probabilities for each bit of input operands for a given multi-bit adder design. PEAL is highly generic, linearly scalable, and applicable to any adder type. The analysis provides probability of success, which is accurate for single-layered adder architectures and provides a lower bound for multi-layered architectures. We have shown that state-of-the-art LPAAs can serve as effective building blocks of approximate computing only when the input probabilities are either very high (&gt;0.8) or very low (&lt;0.2). Interestingly, none of the state-of-the-art LPAA units, which to the best of our knowledge are the most widely adopted, has demonstrated effectiveness for mid-range probabilities (0.3\u20130.7). We have also analytically explained the cause of this usability limitation and proposed its solution. Moreover, we have proposed a method for estimating the Mean-squared Error of datapaths composed of LPAAs, to quantify the magnitude of error introduced in the output due to approximation of the adder units.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3405430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]],"date-time":"2020-10-02T04:08:30Z","timestamp":1601611710000},"page":"1-37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["PEAL"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Kamran","family":"Ayub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Abdullah","family":"Hanif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computer Engineering, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Osman","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Shafique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computer Engineering, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Vienna, Austria"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"SEALPAA. 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B."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE 31st International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD\u201913)","author":"Chan W. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer-Aided Design. ACM, 83","author":"Chandrasekharan A."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Analysis and characterization of inherent application resilience for approximate computing. In Proceedings of the Design Automation Conference","volume":"113","author":"Chippa V. K.","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACM"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Design Automation Conference. 555--560","author":"Chippa V. K."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe. EDA Consortium, 1257--1262","author":"Du K."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Dutt S. Dash S. Nandi and G. Trivedi. 2018. Analysis modeling and optimization of equal segment-based approximate adders. IEEE Trans. Comput. (2018).  S. Dutt S. Dash S. Nandi and G. Trivedi. 2018. Analysis modeling and optimization of equal segment-based approximate adders. IEEE Trans. Comput. (2018).","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2018.2871096"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Esmaeilzadeh A. Sampson L. Ceze and D. Burger. 2012. Architecture support for disciplined approximate programming. In ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 301--312.  H. Esmaeilzadeh A. Sampson L. Ceze and D. Burger. 2012. Architecture support for disciplined approximate programming. In ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 301--312.","DOI":"10.1145\/2248487.2151008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Approximate Circuits","author":"Froehlich Saman"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Low-power Electronics and Design. 409--414","author":"Gupta V."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V. Gupta D. Mohapatra A. Raghunathan and K. Roy. 2013. Low-power digital signal processing using approximate adders. IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Design Integr. Circ. Syst. (2013) 124--137.  V. Gupta D. Mohapatra A. Raghunathan and K. Roy. 2013. Low-power digital signal processing using approximate adders. IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Design Integr. Circ. Syst. (2013) 124--137.","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2012.2217962"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE European Test Symposium (ETS). 1--6.","author":"Han J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 54th ACM\/EDAC\/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC\u201917)","author":"Hanif M. A."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Low-power Electronics and Design. 30--35","author":"Hegde R."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/92.974895"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Proc. 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V."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NANOARCH.2015.7180603"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2009.2020591"}],"container-title":["ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3405430","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3405430","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T21:32:09Z","timestamp":1750195929000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3405430"}},"subtitle":["Probabilistic Error Analysis Methodology for Low-power Approximate Adders"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3405430"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3405430","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-4832","1550-4840"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1550-4832","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-4840","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-09-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-06-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}