{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T19:03:33Z","timestamp":1782846213848,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]],"date-time":"2020-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["1936040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1936040"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Des. Autom. Electron. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Growth of the Internet-of-things has led to complex system-on-chips (SoCs) being used in the edge devices in IoT applications. The increased complexity is demanding designers to consider several critical factors, such as dynamic requirement changes, long application life, mass production, and tight time-to-market deadlines. These requirements lead to more complex security concerns. SoC manufacturers outsource some of the intellectual property cores integrated on the SoC to untrusted third-party vendors. The untrusted intellectual properties can contain malicious implants, which can launch attacks using the resources provided by the on-chip interconnection network, commonly known as the network-on-chip (NoC). Existing efforts on securing NoC have considered lightweight encryption, authentication, and other attack detection mechanisms such as denial-of-service and buffer overflows. Unfortunately, these approaches focus on designing statically optimized security solutions. As a result, they are not suitable for many IoT systems with long application life and dynamic requirement changes. There is a critical need to design reconfigurable security architectures that can be dynamically tuned based on changing requirements. In this article, we propose a tier-based reconfigurable security architecture that can adapt to different use-case scenarios. We explore how to design an efficient reconfigurable architecture that can support three popular NoC security mechanisms (encryption, authentication, and denial-of-service attack detection and localization) and implement suitable dynamic reconfiguration techniques. We evaluate our proposed framework by running standard benchmarks enabling different tiers of security and provide a comprehensive analysis of how different levels of security can affect application performance, energy efficiency, and area overhead.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3406661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]],"date-time":"2020-08-25T16:08:54Z","timestamp":1598371734000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Reconfigurable Network-on-Chip Security Architecture"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Subodha","family":"Charles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prabhat","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2009 International Symposium on Performance Analysis of Systems and Software. IEEE","author":"Agarwal Niket","unstructured":"Niket Agarwal , Tushar Krishna , Li-Shiuan Peh , and Niraj K. Jha . 2009. GARNET: A detailed on-chip network model inside a full-system simulator . In Proceedings of the 2009 International Symposium on Performance Analysis of Systems and Software. IEEE , Los Alamitos, CA, 33--42. Niket Agarwal, Tushar Krishna, Li-Shiuan Peh, and Niraj K. Jha. 2009. GARNET: A detailed on-chip network model inside a full-system simulator. In Proceedings of the 2009 International Symposium on Performance Analysis of Systems and Software. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 33--42."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"ARM.","year":"2008","unstructured":"ARM. 2008 . Security on ARM TrustZone . Retrieved July 31, 2020 from https:\/\/www.arm.com\/products\/silicon-ip-security. ARM. 2008. Security on ARM TrustZone. Retrieved July 31, 2020 from https:\/\/www.arm.com\/products\/silicon-ip-security."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Secure Computer System: Unified Exposition and Multics Interpretation. Technical Report. Mitre Corporation","author":"Elliott Bell D.","unstructured":"D. Elliott Bell and Leonard J . La Padula. 1976 . Secure Computer System: Unified Exposition and Multics Interpretation. Technical Report. Mitre Corporation , Bedford, MA. D. Elliott Bell and Leonard J. La Padula. 1976. Secure Computer System: Unified Exposition and Multics Interpretation. Technical Report. Mitre Corporation, Bedford, MA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-48658-5_32"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2024716.2024718"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2902961.2903032"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DATE.2003.1253607"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3350422"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/DATE48585.2020.9116572"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/DATE.2019.8715009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"2020","article-title":"Real-time detection and localization of distributed DoS attacks in NoC based SoCs. IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","volume":"10","author":"Charles Subodha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Subodha Charles , Yangdi Lyu , and Prabhat Mishra . 2020 . Real-time detection and localization of distributed DoS attacks in NoC based SoCs. IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems . Early Access . February 10 , 2020 . Subodha Charles, Yangdi Lyu, and Prabhat Mishra. 2020. Real-time detection and localization of distributed DoS attacks in NoC based SoCs. IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems. Early Access. February 10, 2020.","journal-title":"Early Access"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISVLSI49217.2020.00038"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISVLSI49217.2020.00039"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NOCS.2018.8512154"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2008.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"CWE.","year":"2017","unstructured":"CWE. 2017 . Common Weakness Enumeration Home Page . Retrieved July 31, 2020 from https:\/\/cwe.mitre.org\/. CWE. 2017. Common Weakness Enumeration Home Page. Retrieved July 31, 2020 from https:\/\/cwe.mitre.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 38th Annual Design Automation Conference. ACM","author":"William","unstructured":"William J. Dally and Brian Towles. 2001. Route packets, not wires: On-chip interconnection networks . In Proceedings of the 38th Annual Design Automation Conference. ACM , New York, NY, 684--689. William J. Dally and Brian Towles. 2001. Route packets, not wires: On-chip interconnection networks. In Proceedings of the 38th Annual Design Automation Conference. ACM, New York, NY, 684--689."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"DARPA.","year":"2017","unstructured":"DARPA. 2017 . DARPA System Security Integrated Through Hardware and Firmware (SSITH) . Retrieved July 31, 2020 from https:\/\/www.darpa.mil\/news-events\/ssith-proposers-day. DARPA. 2017. DARPA System Security Integrated Through Hardware and Firmware (SSITH). Retrieved July 31, 2020 from https:\/\/www.darpa.mil\/news-events\/ssith-proposers-day."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NOCS.2007.32"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19393555.2011.654319"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Dave Evans. 2011. The Internet of Things: How the Next Evolution of the Internet Is Changing Everything. White Paper. Cisco.  Dave Evans. 2011. The Internet of Things: How the Next Evolution of the Internet Is Changing Everything. White Paper. Cisco."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1450135.1450180"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DSD.2007.4341520"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2003 International Workshop on Selected Areas in Cryptography. 175--193","author":"Gilbert Henri","year":"2003","unstructured":"Henri Gilbert and Helena Handschuh . 2003 . Security analysis of SHA-256 and sisters . In Proceedings of the 2003 International Workshop on Selected Areas in Cryptography. 175--193 . Henri Gilbert and Helena Handschuh. 2003. Security analysis of SHA-256 and sisters. In Proceedings of the 2003 International Workshop on Selected Areas in Cryptography. 175--193."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-70583-3_55"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSOC.2005.1595635"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2006.409"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Morris","author":"Grampp Fred T.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Fred T. Grampp and Robert H . Morris . 1984 . The UNIX system: UNIX operating system security. AT8T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal 63, 8 (1984), 1649--1672. Fred T. Grampp and Robert H. Morris. 1984. The UNIX system: UNIX operating system security. AT8T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal 63, 8 (1984), 1649--1672."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IOLTS.2006.44"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-49096-9_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2018.1700284"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sec.167"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Intel Developer Zone. Retrieved","year":"2016","unstructured":"Intel. 2016 . Using TinyCrypt Library , Intel Developer Zone. Retrieved July 31, 2020 from https:\/\/software.intel.com\/content\/www\/us\/en\/develop\/tools\/system-studio\/documentation.html. Intel. 2016. Using TinyCrypt Library, Intel Developer Zone. Retrieved July 31, 2020 from https:\/\/software.intel.com\/content\/www\/us\/en\/develop\/tools\/system-studio\/documentation.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Networks-on-Chip. ACM","author":"Rajesh J. S.","year":"2015","unstructured":"J. S. Rajesh , Dean Michael Ancajas , Koushik Chakraborty , and Sanghamitra Roy . 2015 . Runtime detection of a bandwidth denial attack from a rogue network-on-chip . In Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Networks-on-Chip. ACM , New York, NY, 8. J. S. Rajesh, Dean Michael Ancajas, Koushik Chakraborty, and Sanghamitra Roy. 2015. Runtime detection of a bandwidth denial attack from a rogue network-on-chip. In Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Networks-on-Chip. ACM, New York, NY, 8."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NOCS.2018.8512168"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 42nd Annual IEEE\/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture. ACM","author":"Li Sheng","unstructured":"Sheng Li , Jung Ho Ahn , Richard D. Strong , Jay B. Brockman , Dean M. Tullsen , and Norman P. Jouppi . 2009. McPAT: An integrated power, area, and timing modeling framework for multicore and manycore architectures . In Proceedings of the 42nd Annual IEEE\/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture. ACM , New York, NY, 469--480. Sheng Li, Jung Ho Ahn, Richard D. Strong, Jay B. Brockman, Dean M. Tullsen, and Norman P. Jouppi. 2009. McPAT: An integrated power, area, and timing modeling framework for multicore and manycore architectures. In Proceedings of the 42nd Annual IEEE\/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture. ACM, New York, NY, 469--480."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"The Galois\/counter mode of operation (GCM). Submission to NIST Modes of Operation Process 20","author":"McGrew David","year":"2004","unstructured":"David McGrew and John Viega . 2004. The Galois\/counter mode of operation (GCM). Submission to NIST Modes of Operation Process 20 ( 2004 ). David McGrew and John Viega. 2004. The Galois\/counter mode of operation (GCM). Submission to NIST Modes of Operation Process 20 (2004)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","unstructured":"David A. McGrew. 2002. Counter Mode Security: Analysis and Recommendations. Cisco Systems.  David A. McGrew. 2002. Counter Mode Security: Analysis and Recommendations. Cisco Systems."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpro.2017.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/I-SMAC.2017.8058307"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Ogras and Radu Marculescu","author":"Umit","year":"2013","unstructured":"Umit Y. Ogras and Radu Marculescu . 2013 . Modeling, Analysis and Optimization of Network-on-Chip Communication Architectures. Vol. 184 . Springer Science 8 Business Media. Umit Y. Ogras and Radu Marculescu. 2013. Modeling, Analysis and Optimization of Network-on-Chip Communication Architectures. Vol. 184. Springer Science 8 Business Media."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Advanced Interconnect Solutions and Technologies for Emerging Computing Systems. ACM","author":"Pere\u00f1\u00edguez-Garc\u00eda Fernando","unstructured":"Fernando Pere\u00f1\u00edguez-Garc\u00eda and Jos\u00e9 L. Abell\u00e1n . 2017. Secure communications in wireless network-on-chips . In Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Advanced Interconnect Solutions and Technologies for Emerging Computing Systems. ACM , New York, NY, 27--32. Fernando Pere\u00f1\u00edguez-Garc\u00eda and Jos\u00e9 L. Abell\u00e1n. 2017. Secure communications in wireless network-on-chips. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Advanced Interconnect Solutions and Technologies for Emerging Computing Systems. ACM, New York, NY, 27--32."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc1321"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2011 International Symposium on Electronic System Design. IEEE","author":"Sajeesh K.","unstructured":"K. Sajeesh and Hemangee K. Kapoor . 2011. An authenticated encryption based security framework for NoC architectures . In Proceedings of the 2011 International Symposium on Electronic System Design. IEEE , Los Alamitos, CA, 134--139. K. Sajeesh and Hemangee K. Kapoor. 2011. An authenticated encryption based security framework for NoC architectures. In Proceedings of the 2011 International Symposium on Electronic System Design. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 134--139."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ReCoSoC.2015.7238098"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2017.05.139"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MM.2016.25"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"Computer Security: Principles and Practice. Pearson Education","author":"Stallings William","year":"2012","unstructured":"William Stallings , Lawrie Brown , Michael D. Bauer , and Arup Kumar Bhattacharjee . 2012 . Computer Security: Principles and Practice. Pearson Education , Upper Saddle River, NJ. William Stallings, Lawrie Brown, Michael D. Bauer, and Arup Kumar Bhattacharjee. 2012. Computer Security: Principles and Practice. Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","first-page":"1375","article-title":"Implementation of an energy efficient reconfigurable authentication unit for software radio","volume":"2","author":"Thulasimani L.","year":"2010","unstructured":"L. Thulasimani and M. Madheswaran . 2010 . Implementation of an energy efficient reconfigurable authentication unit for software radio . International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering 2 , 04 (2010), 1375 -- 1380 . L. Thulasimani and M. Madheswaran. 2010. Implementation of an energy efficient reconfigurable authentication unit for software radio. International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering 2, 04 (2010), 1375--1380.","journal-title":"International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"SIT: A lightweight encryption algorithm for secure Internet of Things. arXiv:1704.08688.","author":"Usman Muhammad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Muhammad Usman , Irfan Ahmed , M. Imran Aslam , Shujaat Khan , and Usman Ali Shah . 2017 . SIT: A lightweight encryption algorithm for secure Internet of Things. arXiv:1704.08688. Muhammad Usman, Irfan Ahmed, M. Imran Aslam, Shujaat Khan, and Usman Ali Shah. 2017. SIT: A lightweight encryption algorithm for secure Internet of Things. arXiv:1704.08688."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19010143"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1320302.1320834"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.1984.10027"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/225830.223990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2013.2276399"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3406661","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3406661","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T22:01:36Z","timestamp":1750197696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3406661"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3406661"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3406661","relation":{},"ISSN":["1084-4309","1557-7309"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1084-4309","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7309","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-08-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-06-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-08-25","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}