{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T19:03:31Z","timestamp":1771614211943,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]],"date-time":"2020-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Asian Low-Resour. Lang. Inf. Process."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This work presents an in-depth analysis of machine translations of morphologically-rich Indo-Aryan and Dravidian languages under zero-resource conditions. It focuses on Zero-Shot Systems for these languages and leverages transfer-learning by exploiting target-side monolingual corpora and parallel translations from other languages. These systems are compared with direct translations using the BLEU and TER metrics. Further, Zero-Shot Systems are used as pre-trained models for fine-tuning with real human-generated data taken in different proportions that range from 100 sentences to the entire training set. Performances of the Indo-Aryan and Dravidian languages are compared with a focus on their morphological complexity. The systems with a Dravidian source language performed much better and reached very near to the level of direct translations. This is observed likely due to morphological richness and complexity in the language, which in turn provided more room for transfer-learning in this case. A comparative analysis based on language families has been done. These systems were fine-tuned further, which in turn outperformed direct translations with just 500 parallel sentences for a Dravidian source language. However, systems with an Indo-Aryan source language showed similar performance after getting fine-tuned with 10,000 sentences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3407912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]],"date-time":"2020-10-13T11:47:34Z","timestamp":1602589654000},"page":"1-15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Translating Morphologically Rich Indian Languages under Zero-Resource Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ashwani","family":"Tanwar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India"}]},{"given":"Prasenjit","family":"Majumder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-71928-3_28"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR'15)","author":"Bahdanau Dzmitry","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-1080"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Linguistic Complexity (cl4lc\u201916)","author":"Bentz Christian","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-6459"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies: Short Papers--Volume 2. Association for Computational Linguistics, 176--181","author":"Clark Jonathan H."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers). Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing","author":"Dalvi Fahim","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the European Association for Machine Translation. European Association for Machine Translation, 287--292","author":"Dandapat Sandipan","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Thanh-Le Ha Jan Niehues and Alexander Waibel. 2016. Toward multilingual neural machine translation with universal encoder and decoder. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1611.04798 (2016).  Thanh-Le Ha Jan Niehues and Alexander Waibel. 2016. Toward multilingual neural machine translation with universal encoder and decoder. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1611.04798 (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Language Resources and Evaluation Conference.","author":"Jha Girish Nath","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00065"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09296174.2014.911506"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the MT Summit","volume":"5","author":"Koehn Philipp","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-4102"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC\u201914)","author":"Kunchukuttan Anoop","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. 641--652","author":"Lakew Surafel Melaku","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation.","author":"Lakew Surafel M.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics. Association for Computational Linguistics, 311--318","author":"Papineni Kishore","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the European Association for Machine Translation. European Association for Machine Translation, 249--258","author":"Poncelas Alberto","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/pralin-2018-0002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC\u201918)","author":"Rikters Mat\u012bss","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Asian Translation (WAT\u201918)","author":"Sen Sukanta","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1162"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"Lierni Sestorain Massimiliano Ciaramita Christian Buck and Thomas Hofmann. 2018. Zero-shot dual machine translation. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1805.10338 (2018).  Lierni Sestorain Massimiliano Ciaramita Christian Buck and Thomas Hofmann. 2018. Zero-shot dual machine translation. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1805.10338 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the AMTA 2018 Workshop on Technologies for MT of Low Resource Languages (LoResMT\u201918)","author":"Skorokhodov Ivan","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of Association for Machine Translation in the Americas (Vol. 200","author":"Snover Matthew","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"Ashish Vaswani Noam Shazeer Niki Parmar Jakob Uszkoreit Llion Jones Aidan N. Gomez \u0141ukasz Kaiser and Illia Polosukhin. 2017. Attention is all you need. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. 5998--6008.  Ashish Vaswani Noam Shazeer Niki Parmar Jakob Uszkoreit Llion Jones Aidan N. Gomez \u0141ukasz Kaiser and Illia Polosukhin. 2017. Attention is all you need. 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