{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T07:55:24Z","timestamp":1778226924372,"version":"3.51.4"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":62,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]],"date-time":"2020-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Emirates Center for Energy and Environment Research of the United Arab Emirates University","award":["31R101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31R101"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3409934.3409941","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]],"date-time":"2020-08-25T14:43:26Z","timestamp":1598366606000},"page":"39-50","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Performance Evaluation of a Patient-Centric Blockchain-based Healthcare Records Management Framework"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Leila","family":"Ismail","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huned","family":"Materwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University Al, Ain, UAE"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moien AB","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab University, Al Ain, UAE and Primary Care, NHS North West London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"2019 Cost of A Data Breach Study Reveals Increase in U.S. Healthcare Data Breach Costs: https:\/\/www.hipaajournal.com\/2019-cost-of-a-data-breach-study-healthcare-data-breach-costs\/. Accessed: 2020-02-17. 2019 Cost of A Data Breach Study Reveals Increase in U.S. Healthcare Data Breach Costs: https:\/\/www.hipaajournal.com\/2019-cost-of-a-data-breach-study-healthcare-data-breach-costs\/. Accessed: 2020-02-17."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"MedRec: Using Blockchain for Medical Data Access and Permission Management. 2016 2nd International Conference on Open and Big Data (OBD). (2016","author":"Azaria A.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","first-page":"159","article-title":"2018","volume":"141","author":"Badr S.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Multi-tier Blockchain Framework for IoT-EHRs Systems. Procedia Computer Science."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Bitcoin Energy Consumption Index - Digiconomist: https:\/\/digiconomist.net\/bitcoin-energy-consumption. Accessed: 2019-03-27. Bitcoin Energy Consumption Index - Digiconomist: https:\/\/digiconomist.net\/bitcoin-energy-consumption. Accessed: 2019-03-27."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Bitcoin mining consumes more electricity a year than Ireland | Technology | The Guardian: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/nov\/27\/bitcoin-mining-consumes-electricity-ireland. Accessed: 2019-03-27. Bitcoin mining consumes more electricity a year than Ireland | Technology | The Guardian: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/nov\/27\/bitcoin-mining-consumes-electricity-ireland. Accessed: 2019-03-27."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings. (2007","author":"Bonacina S.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2018.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Capzule PHR: https:\/\/www.capzule.com\/. Accessed: 2019-03-28. Capzule PHR: https:\/\/www.capzule.com\/. Accessed: 2019-03-28."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Third Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation","author":"Castro M.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Center for Health Statistics N. 2017. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2017 Emergency Department Summary Tables. Center for Health Statistics N. 2017. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2017 Emergency Department Summary Tables."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Considerations for Blockchain in Healthcare | HIMSS: https:\/\/www.himss.org\/library\/considerations-blockchain-healthcare. Accessed: 2019-03-28. Considerations for Blockchain in Healthcare | HIMSS: https:\/\/www.himss.org\/library\/considerations-blockchain-healthcare. Accessed: 2019-03-28."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Sustainable Cities and Society.","author":"Dagher G.G.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISS1.2017.8389459"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drosatos G. et al. 2018. Notarization of Knowledge Retrieval from Biomedical Repositories using Blockchain Technology. Precision Medicine Powered by pHealth and Connected Health. Springer. 69--73. Drosatos G. et al. 2018. Notarization of Knowledge Retrieval from Biomedical Repositories using Blockchain Technology. Precision Medicine Powered by pHealth and Connected Health. Springer. 69--73.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-7419-6_12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Electronic Health Records: https:\/\/www.himss.org\/electronic-health-records. Accessed: 2020-02-13. Electronic Health Records: https:\/\/www.himss.org\/electronic-health-records. Accessed: 2020-02-13."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"Energy consumption: Proof of work versus PBFT: https:\/\/crushcrypto.com\/what-is-practical-byzantine-fault-tolerance\/. Accessed: 2019-04-21. Energy consumption: Proof of work versus PBFT: https:\/\/crushcrypto.com\/what-is-practical-byzantine-fault-tolerance\/. Accessed: 2019-04-21."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Energy consumption: Proof of work versus PBFT:. Energy consumption: Proof of work versus PBFT:."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","first-page":"42","article-title":"2018","author":"Fan K.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Systems."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"GenexEHR: https:\/\/www.genexehr.com\/individual-electronic-healthrecord. Accessed: 2019-03-28. GenexEHR: https:\/\/www.genexehr.com\/individual-electronic-healthrecord. Accessed: 2019-03-28."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grant R.W. et al. 2006. Design and Implementation of a Web-Based Patient Portal Linked to an Ambulatory Care Electronic Health Record: Patient Gateway for Diabetes Collaborative Care. Diabetes Technol Ther. (2006). DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/dia.2006.8.576. Grant R.W. et al. 2006. Design and Implementation of a Web-Based Patient Portal Linked to an Ambulatory Care Electronic Health Record: Patient Gateway for Diabetes Collaborative Care. Diabetes Technol Ther. (2006). DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/dia.2006.8.576.","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2006.8.576"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griggs K.N. et al. 2018. Healthcare Blockchain System Using Smart Contracts for Secure Automated Healthcare Blockchain System Using Smart Contracts for Secure. Journal of medical systems. 42 7 (2018). DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10916-018-0982-x. Griggs K.N. et al. 2018. Healthcare Blockchain System Using Smart Contracts for Secure Automated Healthcare Blockchain System Using Smart Contracts for Secure. Journal of medical systems. 42 7 (2018). DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10916-018-0982-x.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-018-0982-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2801266"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Healthcare Data Breach Statistics: https:\/\/www.hipaajournal.com\/healthcare-data-breach-statistics\/. Accessed: 2019-05-15. Healthcare Data Breach Statistics: https:\/\/www.hipaajournal.com\/healthcare-data-breach-statistics\/. Accessed: 2019-05-15."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"HIMSS - Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society | HIMSS: https:\/\/www.himss.org\/. Accessed: 2019-03-28. HIMSS - Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society | HIMSS: https:\/\/www.himss.org\/. Accessed: 2019-03-28."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsys.2018.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"Introduction - HealthVault Development | Microsoft Docs: https:\/\/docs.microsoft.com\/enus\/healthvault\/introduction\/introduction. Accessed: 2019-03-28. Introduction - HealthVault Development | Microsoft Docs: https:\/\/docs.microsoft.com\/enus\/healthvault\/introduction\/introduction. Accessed: 2019-03-28."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"2019 International Conference on Blockchain Technology","author":"Ismail L.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"2019. A Review of Blockchain Architecture and Consensus Protocols: Use Cases, Challenges, and Solutions","volume":"11","author":"Ismail L.","year":"2019","journal-title":"MDPI Symmetry."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","first-page":"149935","article-title":"2019","volume":"7","author":"Ismail L.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lightweight Blockchain for Healthcare. IEEE Acess."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BHI.2018.8333451"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","first-page":"42","article-title":"2018","author":"Kaur H.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Systems."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","first-page":"288","article-title":"2018","volume":"16","author":"Kleinaki A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"A Blockchain-Based Notarization Service for Biomedical Knowledge Retrieval. Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.1996.96310633"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","first-page":"42","article-title":"2018","author":"Li H.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Systems."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Integrating Blockchain for Data Sharing and Collaboration in Mobile Healthcare Applications. IEEE 28th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)","author":"Liang X.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"MTBC PHR: Personal Health Records for Patients: https:\/\/phr.mtbc.com\/phrdefault.aspx. Accessed: 2019-03-28. MTBC PHR: Personal Health Records for Patients: https:\/\/phr.mtbc.com\/phrdefault.aspx. Accessed: 2019-03-28."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","unstructured":"My Medical: http:\/\/mymedicalapp.com\/. Accessed: 2019-03-28. My Medical: http:\/\/mymedicalapp.com\/. Accessed: 2019-03-28."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System.","author":"Nakamoto S.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","unstructured":"ns-3 | a discrete-event network simulator for internet systems: https:\/\/www.nsnam.org\/. Accessed: 2020-01-12. ns-3 | a discrete-event network simulator for internet systems: https:\/\/www.nsnam.org\/. Accessed: 2020-01-12."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","unstructured":"OpenClinical e-Health Applications: my PHR: http:\/\/www.openclinical.org\/publicApp_myPHR.html. Accessed: 2019-03-28. OpenClinical e-Health Applications: my PHR: http:\/\/www.openclinical.org\/publicApp_myPHR.html. Accessed: 2019-03-28."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel V. 2018. A framework for secure and decentralized sharing of medical imaging data via blockchain consensus. Health informatics journal. (2018). DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1460458218769699. Patel V. 2018. A framework for secure and decentralized sharing of medical imaging data via blockchain consensus. Health informatics journal. (2018). DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1460458218769699.","DOI":"10.1177\/1460458218769699"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"Report Reveals Worst State for Healthcare Data Breaches in 2019 - Infosecurity Magazine: https:\/\/www.infosecurity-magazine.com\/news\/report-healthcare-data-breaches-in\/. Accessed: 2020-02-17. Report Reveals Worst State for Healthcare Data Breaches in 2019 - Infosecurity Magazine: https:\/\/www.infosecurity-magazine.com\/news\/report-healthcare-data-breaches-in\/. Accessed: 2020-02-17."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rind D.M. et al. 1997. Maintaining the Confidentiality of Medical Records Shared over the Internet and the World Wide Web. American college of physicians. 5 (1997). Rind D.M. et al. 1997. Maintaining the Confidentiality of Medical Records Shared over the Internet and the World Wide Web. American college of physicians. 5 (1997).","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-127-2-199707150-00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2017.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.6.2.e12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","unstructured":"Ruiz M.G. et al. 2011. mantisGRID: a grid platform for DICOM medical images management in Colombia and Latin America. Journal of digital imaging. 24 2 (2011) 271--283. Ruiz M.G. et al. 2011. mantisGRID: a grid platform for DICOM medical images management in Colombia and Latin America. Journal of digital imaging. 24 2 (2011) 271--283."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"SMEAD: A Secured Mobile Enabled Assisting Device for Diabetics Monitoring. EEE International Conference on Advanced Networks and Telecommunications Systems (ANTS)","author":"Saravanan M.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","unstructured":"Scherer M. 2017. Performance and Scalability of Blockchain Networks and Smart Contracts. Scherer M. 2017. Performance and Scalability of Blockchain Networks and Smart Contracts."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7270.1199"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","unstructured":"Secure Hash Algorithm-256: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Secure_Hash_Algorithms. Secure Hash Algorithm-256: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Secure_Hash_Algorithms."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","unstructured":"SHA-256 Cryptographic Hash Algorithm implemented in JavaScript | Movable Type Scripts: https:\/\/www.movable-type.co.uk\/scripts\/sha256.html. Accessed: 2019-03-26. SHA-256 Cryptographic Hash Algorithm implemented in JavaScript | Movable Type Scripts: https:\/\/www.movable-type.co.uk\/scripts\/sha256.html. Accessed: 2019-03-26."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","unstructured":"Thomas E. et al. 1811. An Account of the New York Hospital. (1811). Thomas E. et al. 1811. An Account of the New York Hospital. (1811)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","first-page":"293","article-title":"2002. Akteonline - An electronic healthcare record as a medium for information and communication","volume":"90","author":"\u00dcckert F.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2846779"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","first-page":"42","article-title":"2018","author":"Wang H.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Systems."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"2018","volume":"5","author":"Wang S.","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","unstructured":"What is an electronic health record (EHR)? | HealthIT.gov: https:\/\/www.healthit.gov\/faq\/what-electronic-health-record-ehr. Accessed: 2019-03-25. What is an electronic health record (EHR)? | HealthIT.gov: https:\/\/www.healthit.gov\/faq\/what-electronic-health-record-ehr. Accessed: 2019-03-25."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","unstructured":"Who Owns Medical Records: 50 State Comparison | Health Information & the Law: http:\/\/www.healthinfolaw.org\/comparative-analysis\/who-owns-medical-records-50-state-comparison. Accessed: 2019-03-25. Who Owns Medical Records: 50 State Comparison | Health Information & the Law: http:\/\/www.healthinfolaw.org\/comparative-analysis\/who-owns-medical-records-50-state-comparison. Accessed: 2019-03-25."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yue X. et al. 2016. Healthcare Data Gateways: Found Healthcare Intelligence on Blockchain with Novel Privacy Risk Control. Journal of Medical Systems. (2016).DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10916-016-0574-6. Yue X. et al. 2016. Healthcare Data Gateways: Found Healthcare Intelligence on Blockchain with Novel Privacy Risk Control. Journal of Medical Systems. (2016).DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10916-016-0574-6.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-016-0574-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","first-page":"9239","article-title":"2016","volume":"4","author":"Zhang J.I.E.","year":"2016","journal-title":"A Secure System For Pervasive Social Network-Based Healthcare. IEEE Access."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","volume-title":"2018 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC)","author":"Zhang X.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","unstructured":"2013. Health Care Systems and Medical Devices at Risk for Increased Cyber Intrusions for Financial Gain. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2013. Health Care Systems and Medical Devices at Risk for Increased Cyber Intrusions for Financial Gain. Federal Bureau of Investigation."}],"event":{"name":"IECC 2020: 2020 2nd International Electronics Communication Conference","location":"Singapore Singapore","acronym":"IECC 2020"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2020 2nd International Electronics Communication Conference"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3409934.3409941","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T20:17:08Z","timestamp":1750191428000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3409934.3409941"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3409934.3409941","10.1145\/3409934"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3409934.3409941","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]}}}