{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T03:39:18Z","timestamp":1769830758865,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM\/IMS Trans. Data Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Women have always been underrepresented in movies and not until recently has the representation of women in movies improved. To investigate the improvement of female representation and its relationship with a movie\u2019s success, we propose a new measure, the female cast ratio, and compare it to the commonly used Bechdel test result. We employ generalized linear regression with\n            <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n            penalty and a Random Forest model to identify the predictors that influence female representation, and evaluate the relationship between female representation and a movie\u2019s success in three aspects: revenue\/budget ratio, rating, and popularity. Three important findings in our study have highlighted the difficulties women in the film industry face both upstream and downstream. First, female filmmakers, especially female screenplay writers, are instrumental for movies to have better female representation, but the percentage of female filmmakers has been very low. Second, movies that have the potential to tell insightful stories about women are often provided with lower budgets, and this usually causes the films to in turn receive more criticism. Finally, the demand for better female representation from moviegoers has also not been strong enough to compel the film industry to change, as movies that have poor female representation can still be very popular and successful in the box office.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3411213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]],"date-time":"2020-11-26T19:24:23Z","timestamp":1606418663000},"page":"1-14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Measuring Female Representation and Impact in Films over Time"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1653-8350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luoying","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Rochester, New York"}]},{"given":"Zhou","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rochester, Goergen Institute for Data Science, New York"}]},{"given":"Jiebo","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rochester, Department of Computer Science, Rochester, New York"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Retrieved on","author":"Anderson Hanah","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Content analysis of gender roles in media: Where are we now and where should we go? 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Lindner and Ziggy Schulting. [n.d.]. How movies with a female presence fare with critics. Socius 3 ([n.\u00a0d.]).  Andrew M. Lindner and Ziggy Schulting. [n.d.]. How movies with a female presence fare with critics. Socius 3 ([n.\u00a0d.]).","DOI":"10.1177\/2378023117727636"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Zorana Micic. 2015. Female Interactions on Film\u2014Beyond the Bechdel test: A quantitative content analysis of same-sex-interactions of top 20 box office films. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.divaportal.org\/smash\/get\/diva2:821217\/FULLTEXT01.pdf.  Zorana Micic. 2015. Female Interactions on Film\u2014Beyond the Bechdel test: A quantitative content analysis of same-sex-interactions of top 20 box office films. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.divaportal.org\/smash\/get\/diva2:821217\/FULLTEXT01.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"The Role of Women in Film: Supporting the Men\u2014An Analysis of How Culture Influences the Changing Discourse on Gender Representations in Film. Undergraduate Honor Thesis. Department of Journalism","author":"Murphy Jocelyn N."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1987.tb00117.x","article-title":"Preference for graphic horror featuring male versus female victimization","volume":"13","author":"Tamborini Ron","year":"1987","journal-title":"Human Communication Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Amber Thomas. 2017. Women only said 27% of the words in 201\u2019s biggest movies. Retrieived https:\/\/www.freecodecamp.org\/news\/.  Amber Thomas. 2017. Women only said 27% of the words in 201\u2019s biggest movies. Retrieived https:\/\/www.freecodecamp.org\/news\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1996.tb02080.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1080\/13504851.2012.709594","article-title":"Celebrity star power: Do age and gender effects influence box office performance","volume":"20","author":"Treme Julianne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Applied Economics Letters"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Sex and the spectacle of music videos: An examination of the portrayal of race and sexuality in music videos","volume":"64","author":"Turner Jacob S.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"231","article-title":"Gendered media: The influence of media on views of gender","volume":"9","author":"Wood Julia T.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gendered Lives: Communication, Gender, and Culture"}],"container-title":["ACM\/IMS Transactions on Data Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3411213","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3411213","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T22:01:27Z","timestamp":1750197687000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3411213"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3411213"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3411213","relation":{},"ISSN":["2691-1922"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2691-1922","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-04-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-07-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-25","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}