{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T16:23:18Z","timestamp":1781713398360,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":43,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3411496.3421224","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,2]],"date-time":"2020-11-02T21:10:40Z","timestamp":1604351440000},"page":"81-89","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Moving Target Defense Considerations in Real-Time Safety- and Mission-Critical Systems"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Nathan","family":"Burow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Burrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Khazan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard","family":"Shrobe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan C.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1102120.1102165"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Hidenori Kobayashi, Junfeng Yang, and Simha Sethumadhavan.","author":"Arroyo Miguel A.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Miguel A. Arroyo , M. Tarek Ibn Ziad , Hidenori Kobayashi, Junfeng Yang, and Simha Sethumadhavan. 2019 . YOLO : Frequently resetting cyber-physical systems for security. In Autonomous Systems: Sensors, Processing, and Security for Vehicles and Infrastructure 2019, Michael C. Dudzik and Jennifer C. Ricklin (Eds.), Vol. 11009 . International Society for Optics and Photonics, SPIE , 166 -- 183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/12.2518909 10.1117\/12.2518909 Miguel A. Arroyo, M. Tarek Ibn Ziad, Hidenori Kobayashi, Junfeng Yang, and Simha Sethumadhavan. 2019. YOLO: Frequently resetting cyber-physical systems for security. In Autonomous Systems: Sensors, Processing, and Security for Vehicles and Infrastructure 2019, Michael C. Dudzik and Jennifer C. Ricklin (Eds.), Vol. 11009. International Society for Optics and Photonics, SPIE, 166 -- 183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/12.2518909"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/948109.948147"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Timely Rerandomization for Mitigating Memory Disclosures. In ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS).","author":"Bigelow David","year":"2015","unstructured":"David Bigelow , Thomas Hobson , Robert Rudd , William Streilein , and Hamed Okhravi . 2015 . Timely Rerandomization for Mitigating Memory Disclosures. In ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS). David Bigelow, Thomas Hobson, Robert Rudd, William Streilein, and Hamed Okhravi. 2015. Timely Rerandomization for Mitigating Memory Disclosures. In ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"A. Burns and R. Davis. 2018. Mixed Criticality Systems -- A Review. (2018). https:\/\/www-users.cs.york.ac.uk\/burns\/review.pdf  A. Burns and R. Davis. 2018. Mixed Criticality Systems -- A Review. (2018). https:\/\/www-users.cs.york.ac.uk\/burns\/review.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3054924"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"23rd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Sec).","author":"Carlini Nicholas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nicholas Carlini and David Wagner . 2014 . ROP is Still Dangerous: Breaking Modern Defenses . In 23rd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Sec). Nicholas Carlini and David Wagner. 2014. ROP is Still Dangerous: Breaking Modern Defenses. In 23rd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Sec)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Analysis of the cyber attack on the Ukrainian power grid","author":"Case Defense Use","year":"2016","unstructured":"Defense Use Case . 2016. Analysis of the cyber attack on the Ukrainian power grid . Electricity Information Sharing and Analysis Center (E-ISAC) 388 ( 2016 ). Defense Use Case. 2016. Analysis of the cyber attack on the Ukrainian power grid. Electricity Information Sharing and Analysis Center (E-ISAC) 388 (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2857705.2857726"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of USENIX Security.","author":"Clements A.","unstructured":"A. Clements , N. Almakhdhub , S. Bagchi , and M. Payer . 2018. ACES: Automatic Compartments for Embedded Systems . In Proceedings of USENIX Security. A. Clements, N. Almakhdhub, S. Bagchi, and M. Payer. 2018. ACES: Automatic Compartments for Embedded Systems. In Proceedings of USENIX Security."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Clements N. Almakhdhub K. Saab P. Srivastava J. Koo S. Bagchi and M. Payer. 2017. Protecting Bare-Metal embedded systems with privilege overlays. In S&P '17.  A. Clements N. Almakhdhub K. Saab P. Srivastava J. Koo S. Bagchi and M. Payer. 2017. Protecting Bare-Metal embedded systems with privilege overlays. In S&P '17.","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2017.37"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/popets-2016-0050"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"U. Devi and J. Anderson. 2008. Tardiness Bounds under Global EDF scheduling on a multiprocessor. Real-Time Systems (2008).  U. Devi and J. Anderson. 2008. Tardiness Bounds under Global EDF scheduling on a multiprocessor. Real-Time Systems (2008).","DOI":"10.1007\/s11241-007-9042-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Proc. Black Hat USA. 1--26","author":"Pinto Alessandro Di","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alessandro Di Pinto , Younes Dragoni , and Andrea Carcano . 2018 . TRITON: The first ICS cyber attack on safety instrument systems . In Proc. Black Hat USA. 1--26 . Alessandro Di Pinto, Younes Dragoni, and Andrea Carcano. 2018. TRITON: The first ICS cyber attack on safety instrument systems. In Proc. Black Hat USA. 1--26."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Erickson J. Anderson and B. Ward. 2014. Fair Lateness Scheduling: Reducing maximum lateness in G-EDF-like scheduling. Real-Time Systems special issue on selected papers from the 24th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (2014).  J. Erickson J. Anderson and B. Ward. 2014. Fair Lateness Scheduling: Reducing maximum lateness in G-EDF-like scheduling. Real-Time Systems special issue on selected papers from the 24th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (2014).","DOI":"10.1007\/s11241-013-9190-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"16th InternationalWorkshop onWorst-Case Execution Time Analysis.","author":"Falk Heiko","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heiko Falk , Sebastian Altmeyer , Peter Hellinckx , Bj\u00f6rn Lisper , Wolfgang Puffitsch , Christine Rochange , Martin Schoeberl , Rasmus Bo S\u00f8rensen , Peter W\u00e4gemann , and Simon Wegener . 2016 . TACLeBench: A benchmark collection to support worst-case execution time research. In 16th InternationalWorkshop onWorst-Case Execution Time Analysis. Heiko Falk, Sebastian Altmeyer, Peter Hellinckx, Bj\u00f6rn Lisper,Wolfgang Puffitsch, Christine Rochange, Martin Schoeberl, Rasmus Bo S\u00f8rensen, Peter W\u00e4gemann, and Simon Wegener. 2016. TACLeBench: A benchmark collection to support worst-case execution time research. In 16th InternationalWorkshop onWorst-Case Execution Time Analysis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Building the Information Society","author":"Ferdinand Christian","unstructured":"Christian Ferdinand and Reinhold Heckmann . 2004. ait: Worst-case execution time prediction by static program analysis . In Building the Information Society . Springer , 377--383. Christian Ferdinand and Reinhold Heckmann. 2004. ait: Worst-case execution time prediction by static program analysis. In Building the Information Society. Springer, 377--383."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DSN.2019.00053"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"ECRTS '19","author":"Gujarati A.","unstructured":"A. Gujarati , M. Nasri , R. Mujumdar , and B. Brandenburg . 2019. From Iteration to System Failure: Characterizing the FITness of Periodic Weakly-Hard Systems . In ECRTS '19 . A. Gujarati, M. Nasri, R. Mujumdar, and B. Brandenburg. 2019. From Iteration to System Failure: Characterizing the FITness of Periodic Weakly-Hard Systems. In ECRTS '19."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Moving Target Defense","author":"Jackson Todd","unstructured":"Todd Jackson , Babak Salamat , Andrei Homescu , Karthikeyan Manivannan , Gregor Wagner , Andreas Gal , Stefan Brunthaler , Christian Wimmer , and Michael Franz . 2011. Compiler-generated software diversity . In Moving Target Defense . Springer , 77--98. Todd Jackson, Babak Salamat, Andrei Homescu, Karthikeyan Manivannan, Gregor Wagner, Andreas Gal, Stefan Brunthaler, Christian Wimmer, and Michael Franz. 2011. Compiler-generated software diversity. In Moving Target Defense. Springer, 77--98."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/948109.948146"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RTSS.2011.16"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"Michael Kirsch. 2011. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Toyota Unintended Acceleration Investigation. (2011). https:\/\/www.nhtsa.gov\/staticfiles\/ nvs\/pdf\/NASA-UA_report.pdf  Michael Kirsch. 2011. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Toyota Unintended Acceleration Investigation. (2011). https:\/\/www.nhtsa.gov\/staticfiles\/ nvs\/pdf\/NASA-UA_report.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3243734.3243804"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2018.00029"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/321738.321743"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Koller","author":"Mertoguno J. Sukarno","year":"2019","unstructured":"J. Sukarno Mertoguno , Ryan M. Craven , Matthew S. Mickelson , and David P . Koller . 2019 . A physics-based strategy for cyber resilience of CPS. In Autonomous Systems: Sensors, Processing, and Security for Vehicles and Infrastructure 2019, Michael C. Dudzik and Jennifer C. Ricklin (Eds.), Vol. 11009 . International Society for Optics and Photonics, SPIE , 79--90. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/12.2517604 10.1117\/12.2517604 J. Sukarno Mertoguno, Ryan M. Craven, Matthew S. Mickelson, and David P. Koller. 2019. A physics-based strategy for cyber resilience of CPS. In Autonomous Systems: Sensors, Processing, and Security for Vehicles and Infrastructure 2019, Michael C. Dudzik and Jennifer C. Ricklin (Eds.), Vol. 11009. International Society for Optics and Photonics, SPIE, 79--90. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/12.2517604"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Milo MK Martin, and Steve Zdancewic","author":"Nagarakatte Santosh","year":"2009","unstructured":"Santosh Nagarakatte , Jianzhou Zhao , Milo MK Martin, and Steve Zdancewic . 2009 . SoftBound: Highly compatible and complete spatial memory safety for C. ACM Sigplan Notices ( 2009). Santosh Nagarakatte, Jianzhou Zhao, Milo MK Martin, and Steve Zdancewic. 2009. SoftBound: Highly compatible and complete spatial memory safety for C. ACM Sigplan Notices (2009)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2508859.2516670"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"PaX. 2003. PaX Address Space Layout Randomization. (2003). ttp:\/\/pax.grsecurity. net\/docs\/aslr.txt  PaX. 2003. PaX Address Space Layout Randomization. (2003). ttp:\/\/pax.grsecurity. net\/docs\/aslr.txt"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RTAS.2015.7108450"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 26th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference (ACSAC '10)","author":"Portokalidis Georgios","unstructured":"Georgios Portokalidis and Angelos D. Keromytis . 2010. Fast and Practical Instruction-set Randomization for Commodity Systems . In Proceedings of the 26th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference (ACSAC '10) . ACM, New York, NY, USA, 41--48. Georgios Portokalidis and Angelos D. Keromytis. 2010. Fast and Practical Instruction-set Randomization for Commodity Systems. In Proceedings of the 26th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference (ACSAC '10). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 41--48."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2015.51"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2660267.2660309"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"Fermin J. Serna. 2012. cve-2012-0769 the case of the perfect info leak. (2012). http:\/\/zhodiac.hispahack.com\/my-stuff\/security\/Flash_ASLR_bypass.pdf  Fermin J. Serna. 2012. cve-2012-0769 the case of the perfect info leak. (2012). http:\/\/zhodiac.hispahack.com\/my-stuff\/security\/Flash_ASLR_bypass.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1315245.1315313"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RTSS.2017.00028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2019.00010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"14th USENIX Security Symposium","volume":"6","author":"Sovarel Ana Nora","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ana Nora Sovarel , David Evans , and Nathanael Paul . 2005 . Where?s the FEEB? the effectiveness of instruction set randomization . In 14th USENIX Security Symposium , Vol. 6 . Ana Nora Sovarel, David Evans, and Nathanael Paul. 2005. Where?s the FEEB? the effectiveness of instruction set randomization. In 14th USENIX Security Symposium, Vol. 6."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"28th IEEE international real-time systems symposium. 239--243.","author":"Vestal Steve","unstructured":"Steve Vestal . 2007. Preemptive scheduling of multi-criticality systems with varying degrees of execution time assurance . In 28th IEEE international real-time systems symposium. 239--243. Steve Vestal. 2007. Preemptive scheduling of multi-criticality systems with varying degrees of execution time assurance. In 28th IEEE international real-time systems symposium. 239--243."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"ECRTS '19","author":"Walls R.","year":"2019","unstructured":"R. Walls , N. Brown , T. Le Baron , C. Shue , H. Okhravi , and B. Ward . 2019 . Controlflow integrity for real-time embedded systems . In ECRTS '19 . R.Walls, N. Brown, T. Le Baron, C. Shue, H. Okhravi, and B.Ward. 2019. Controlflow integrity for real-time embedded systems. In ECRTS '19."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"The Leakage-Resilience Dilemma. In European Symposium on Research in Computer Security. Springer, 87--106","author":"Ward Bryan C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bryan C Ward , Richard Skowyra , Chad Spensky , Jason Martin , and Hamed Okhravi . 2019 . The Leakage-Resilience Dilemma. In European Symposium on Research in Computer Security. Springer, 87--106 . Bryan C Ward, Richard Skowyra, Chad Spensky, Jason Martin, and Hamed Okhravi. 2019. The Leakage-Resilience Dilemma. In European Symposium on Research in Computer Security. Springer, 87--106."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th USENIX conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation. 367--382","author":"Williams-King David","year":"2016","unstructured":"David Williams-King , Graham Gobieski , Kent Williams-King , James P Blake , Xinhao Yuan , Patrick Colp , Michelle Zheng , Vasileios P Kemerlis , Junfeng Yang , and William Aiello . 2016 . Shuffler: Fast and deployable continuous code rerandomization . In Proceedings of the 12th USENIX conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation. 367--382 . David Williams-King, Graham Gobieski, Kent Williams-King, James P Blake, Xinhao Yuan, Patrick Colp, Michelle Zheng, Vasileios P Kemerlis, Junfeng Yang, and William Aiello. 2016. Shuffler: Fast and deployable continuous code rerandomization. In Proceedings of the 12th USENIX conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation. 367--382."}],"event":{"name":"CCS '20: 2020 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","location":"Virtual Event USA","acronym":"CCS '20","sponsor":["SIGSAC ACM Special Interest Group on Security, Audit, and Control"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 7th ACM Workshop on Moving Target Defense"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3411496.3421224","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3411496.3421224","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T21:31:41Z","timestamp":1750195901000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3411496.3421224"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3411496.3421224","10.1145\/3411496"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3411496.3421224","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-11-09","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}