{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T03:52:43Z","timestamp":1769745163866,"version":"3.49.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":22,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007297","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N00014-17-1-2010, N00014-20-1-2746"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-17-1-2010, N00014-20-1-2746"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007297","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3411504.3421217","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T23:43:32Z","timestamp":1604619812000},"page":"127-136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["WaC: A New Doctrine for Hardware Security"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Adam","family":"Hastings","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simha","family":"Sethumadhavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2678373.2665726"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Prescher et al., \"Spectre attacks: Exploiting speculative execution,\" in 2019 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP). hskip 1em plus 0.5em minus 0.4emrelax IEEE","author":"Kocher P.","year":"2019","unstructured":"P. Kocher , J. Horn , A. Fogh , D. Genkin , D. Gruss , W. Haas , M. Hamburg , M. Lipp , S. Mangard , T. Prescher et al., \"Spectre attacks: Exploiting speculative execution,\" in 2019 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP). hskip 1em plus 0.5em minus 0.4emrelax IEEE , 2019 , pp. 1 -- 19 . P. Kocher, J. Horn, A. Fogh, D. Genkin, D. Gruss, W. Haas, M. Hamburg, M. Lipp, S. Mangard, T. Prescher et al., \"Spectre attacks: Exploiting speculative execution,\" in 2019 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP). hskip 1em plus 0.5em minus 0.4emrelax IEEE, 2019, pp. 1--19."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","first-page":"973","volume-title":"Genkin et al., \"Meltdown: Reading kernel memory from user space,\" in 27th $$USENIX$$ Security Symposium ({USENIX} Security 18)","author":"Lipp M.","year":"2018","unstructured":"M. Lipp , M. Schwarz , D. Gruss , T. Prescher , W. Haas , A. Fogh , J. Horn , S. Mangard , P. Kocher , D. Genkin et al., \"Meltdown: Reading kernel memory from user space,\" in 27th $$USENIX$$ Security Symposium ({USENIX} Security 18) , 2018 , pp. 973 -- 990 . M. Lipp, M. Schwarz, D. Gruss, T. Prescher, W. Haas, A. Fogh, J. Horn, S. Mangard, P. Kocher, D. Genkin et al., \"Meltdown: Reading kernel memory from user space,\" in 27th $$USENIX$$ Security Symposium ({USENIX} Security 18), 2018, pp. 973--990."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/DAED_a_00116"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cybsec\/tyx005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","first-page":"71","article-title":"Exploiting the dram rowhammer bug to gain kernel privileges","volume":"15","author":"Seaborn M.","year":"2015","unstructured":"M. Seaborn and T. Dullien , \" Exploiting the dram rowhammer bug to gain kernel privileges ,\" Black Hat , vol. 15 , p. 71 , 2015 . M. Seaborn and T. Dullien, \"Exploiting the dram rowhammer bug to gain kernel privileges,\" Black Hat, vol. 15, p. 71, 2015.","journal-title":"Black Hat"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","first-page":"19","volume-title":"One bit flips, one cloud flops: Cross-vm row hammer attacks and privilege escalation,\" in 25th {USENIX} Security Symposium ({USENIX} Security 16)","author":"Xiao Y.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Y. Xiao , X. Zhang , Y. Zhang , and R. Teodorescu , \" One bit flips, one cloud flops: Cross-vm row hammer attacks and privilege escalation,\" in 25th {USENIX} Security Symposium ({USENIX} Security 16) , 2016 , pp. 19 -- 35 . Y. Xiao, X. Zhang, Y. Zhang, and R. Teodorescu, \"One bit flips, one cloud flops: Cross-vm row hammer attacks and privilege escalation,\" in 25th {USENIX} Security Symposium ({USENIX} Security 16), 2016, pp. 19--35."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Rambleed: Reading bits in memory without accessing them,\" in 41st IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P)","author":"Kwong A.","year":"2020","unstructured":"A. Kwong , D. Genkin , D. Gruss , and Y. Yarom , \" Rambleed: Reading bits in memory without accessing them,\" in 41st IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P) , 2020 . A. Kwong, D. Genkin, D. Gruss, and Y. Yarom, \"Rambleed: Reading bits in memory without accessing them,\" in 41st IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P), 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Standard","year":"2014","unstructured":"\"Low power double data rate 4 (lpddr4),\" JEDEC Solid State Technology Association , Standard , August 2014 . \"Low power double data rate 4 (lpddr4),\" JEDEC Solid State Technology Association, Standard, August 2014."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Memory device, memory system, and operating methods thereof","author":"Jung B. I.","year":"2016","unstructured":"B. I. Jung and S. Y. Kim , \" Memory device, memory system, and operating methods thereof ,\" Feb. 9 2016 , uS Patent 9,257,169. B. I. Jung and S. Y. Kim, \"Memory device, memory system, and operating methods thereof,\" Feb. 9 2016, uS Patent 9,257,169."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"S.-C. Yoon B.-Y. Kim and J.-B. Park ;Memory and memory system including the same \" Jul. 19 2016 uS Patent 9 396 786.  S.-C. Yoon B.-Y. Kim and J.-B. Park ;Memory and memory system including the same \" Jul. 19 2016 uS Patent 9 396 786."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Smart refresh device","author":"Hong D. H.","year":"2016","unstructured":"D. H. Hong and S. I. Park , \" Smart refresh device ,\" Apr. 12 2016 , uS Patent 9,311,984. D. H. Hong and S. I. Park, \"Smart refresh device,\" Apr. 12 2016, uS Patent 9,311,984."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Handling maximum activation count limit and target row refresh in ddr4 sdram","author":"Lin J.","year":"2017","unstructured":"J. Lin and M. Garrett , \" Handling maximum activation count limit and target row refresh in ddr4 sdram ,\" Mar. 7 2017 , uS Patent 9,589,606. J. Lin and M. Garrett, \"Handling maximum activation count limit and target row refresh in ddr4 sdram,\" Mar. 7 2017, uS Patent 9,589,606."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"May","author":"Frigo P.","year":"2020","unstructured":"BIBentryALTinterwordspacing P. Frigo , E. Vannacci , H. Hassan , V. van der Veen , O. Mutlu , C. Giuffrida , H. Bos , and K. Razavi , \" TRRespass: Exploiting the Many Sides of Target Row Refresh,\" in S&P , May 2020 , best Paper Award. [Online]. Available : Paper=https:\/\/download.vusec.net\/papers\/trrespass_sp20.pdf Slides=https:\/\/download.vusec.net\/slides\/trrespass_sp20.pdf Web=https:\/\/www.vusec.net\/projects\/trrespass Code =https:\/\/github.com\/vusec\/trrespassBIBentrySTDinterwordspacing BIBentryALTinterwordspacingP. Frigo, E. Vannacci, H. Hassan, V. van der Veen, O. Mutlu, C. Giuffrida, H. Bos, and K. Razavi, \"TRRespass: Exploiting the Many Sides of Target Row Refresh,\" in S&P, May 2020, best Paper Award. [Online]. Available: Paper=https:\/\/download.vusec.net\/papers\/trrespass_sp20.pdf Slides=https:\/\/download.vusec.net\/slides\/trrespass_sp20.pdf Web=https:\/\/www.vusec.net\/projects\/trrespass Code=https:\/\/github.com\/vusec\/trrespassBIBentrySTDinterwordspacing"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","first-page":"490","volume-title":"Cache games--bringing access-based cache attacks on aes to practice,\" in 2011 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy. hskip 1em plus 0.5em minus 0.4emrelax IEEE","author":"Gullasch D.","year":"2011","unstructured":"D. Gullasch , E. Bangerter , and S. Krenn , \" Cache games--bringing access-based cache attacks on aes to practice,\" in 2011 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy. hskip 1em plus 0.5em minus 0.4emrelax IEEE , 2011 , pp. 490 -- 505 . D. Gullasch, E. Bangerter, and S. Krenn, \"Cache games--bringing access-based cache attacks on aes to practice,\" in 2011 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy. hskip 1em plus 0.5em minus 0.4emrelax IEEE, 2011, pp. 490--505."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","first-page":"719","volume-title":"Flush+reload: a high resolution, low noise, l3 cache side-channel attack,\" in 23rd {USENIX} Security Symposium ({USENIX} Security 14)","author":"Yarom Y.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Y. Yarom and K. Falkner , \" Flush+reload: a high resolution, low noise, l3 cache side-channel attack,\" in 23rd {USENIX} Security Symposium ({USENIX} Security 14) , 2014 , pp. 719 -- 732 Y. Yarom and K. Falkner, \"Flush+reload: a high resolution, low noise, l3 cache side-channel attack,\" in 23rd {USENIX} Security Symposium ({USENIX} Security 14), 2014, pp. 719--732"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","first-page":"897","volume-title":"Cache template attacks: Automating attacks on inclusive last-level caches,\" in 24th {USENIX} Security Symposium ($$USENIX$$ Security 15)","author":"Gruss D.","year":"2015","unstructured":"D. Gruss , R. Spreitzer , and S. Mangard , \" Cache template attacks: Automating attacks on inclusive last-level caches,\" in 24th {USENIX} Security Symposium ($$USENIX$$ Security 15) , 2015 , pp. 897 -- 912 . D. Gruss, R. Spreitzer, and S. Mangard, \"Cache template attacks: Automating attacks on inclusive last-level caches,\" in 24th {USENIX} Security Symposium ($$USENIX$$ Security 15), 2015, pp. 897--912."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","first-page":"161","volume-title":"Kaslr is dead: long live kaslr,\" in International Symposium on Engineering Secure Software and Systems. hskip 1em plus 0.5em minus 0.4emrelax Springer","author":"Gruss D.","year":"2017","unstructured":"D. Gruss , M. Lipp , M. Schwarz , R. Fellner , C. Maurice , and S. Mangard , \" Kaslr is dead: long live kaslr,\" in International Symposium on Engineering Secure Software and Systems. hskip 1em plus 0.5em minus 0.4emrelax Springer , 2017 , pp. 161 -- 176 . D. Gruss, M. Lipp, M. Schwarz, R. Fellner, C. Maurice, and S. Mangard, \"Kaslr is dead: long live kaslr,\" in International Symposium on Engineering Secure Software and Systems. hskip 1em plus 0.5em minus 0.4emrelax Springer, 2017, pp. 161--176."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"May","author":"van Schaik S.","year":"2019","unstructured":"S. van Schaik , A. Milburn , S. \u00d6sterlund , P. Frigo , G. Maisuradze , K. Razavi , H. Bos , and C. Giuffrida , \" RIDL: Rogue in-flight data load,\" in S&P , May 2019 . S. van Schaik, A. Milburn, S. \u00d6sterlund, P. Frigo, G. Maisuradze, K. Razavi, H. Bos, and C. Giuffrida, \"RIDL: Rogue in-flight data load,\" in S&P, May 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Fallout: Leaking data on meltdown-resistant cpus,\" in Proceedings of the ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS). hskip 1em plus 0.5em minus 0.4emrelax ACM","author":"Canella C.","year":"2019","unstructured":"C. Canella , D. Genkin , L. Giner , D. Gruss , M. Lipp , M. Minkin , D. Moghimi , F. Piessens , M. Schwarz , B. Sunar , J. Van Bulck , and Y. Yarom , \" Fallout: Leaking data on meltdown-resistant cpus,\" in Proceedings of the ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS). hskip 1em plus 0.5em minus 0.4emrelax ACM , 2019 . C. Canella, D. Genkin, L. Giner, D. Gruss, M. Lipp, M. Minkin, D. Moghimi, F. Piessens, M. Schwarz, B. Sunar, J. Van Bulck, and Y. Yarom, \"Fallout: Leaking data on meltdown-resistant cpus,\" in Proceedings of the ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS). hskip 1em plus 0.5em minus 0.4emrelax ACM, 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","first-page":"358","volume-title":"hskip 1em plus 0.5em minus 0.4emrelax IEEE","author":"Anderson R.","year":"2001","unstructured":"R. Anderson , \" Why information security is hard-an economic perspective,\" in Seventeenth Annual Computer Security Applications Conference . hskip 1em plus 0.5em minus 0.4emrelax IEEE , 2001 , pp. 358 -- 365 . R. Anderson, \"Why information security is hard-an economic perspective,\" in Seventeenth Annual Computer Security Applications Conference. hskip 1em plus 0.5em minus 0.4emrelax IEEE, 2001, pp. 358--365."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","first-page":"235","volume-title":"Quality uncertainty and the market mechanism,\" in Uncertainty in economics. hskip 1em plus 0.5em minus 0.4emrelax Elsevier","author":"Akerlof G. A.","year":"1978","unstructured":"G. A. Akerlof , \" The market for \"lemons\" : Quality uncertainty and the market mechanism,\" in Uncertainty in economics. hskip 1em plus 0.5em minus 0.4emrelax Elsevier , 1978 , pp. 235 -- 251 . G. A. Akerlof, \"The market for \"lemons\": Quality uncertainty and the market mechanism,\" in Uncertainty in economics. hskip 1em plus 0.5em minus 0.4emrelax Elsevier, 1978, pp. 235--251."}],"event":{"name":"CCS '20: 2020 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","location":"Virtual Event USA","acronym":"CCS '20","sponsor":["SIGSAC ACM Special Interest Group on Security, Audit, and Control"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 4th ACM Workshop on Attacks and Solutions in Hardware Security"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3411504.3421217","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1145\/3411504.3421217","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3411504.3421217","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3411504.3421217","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T21:31:42Z","timestamp":1750195902000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3411504.3421217"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]},"references-count":22,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3411504.3421217","10.1145\/3411504"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3411504.3421217","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-11-09","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}