{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T17:22:28Z","timestamp":1776100948957,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":49,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445711","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]],"date-time":"2021-05-08T02:46:03Z","timestamp":1620441963000},"page":"1-9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Classroom Digital Twins with Instrumentation-Free Gaze Tracking"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Karan","family":"Ahuja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human-Computer Interaction Institute Carnegie Mellon University, United States"}]},{"given":"Deval","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University, United States"}]},{"given":"Sujeath","family":"Pareddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human-Computer Interaction Institute Carnegie Mellon University, United States"}]},{"given":"Franceska","family":"Xhakaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human-Computer Interaction Institute Carnegie Mellon University, United States"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Ogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human-Computer Interaction Institute Carnegie Mellon University, United States"}]},{"given":"Yuvraj","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University, United States"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human-Computer Interaction Institute Carnegie Mellon University, United States"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1_1","first-page":"76","article-title":"National Infrastructure Commission (2017), \u201cData for the public good","volume":"14","year":"2017","unstructured":"2017 . National Infrastructure Commission (2017), \u201cData for the public good \u201d, National Infrastructure Commission report, London , December 14 , p. 76 . http:\/\/www.nic.org.uk\/publications\/data-public-good\/. 2017. National Infrastructure Commission (2017), \u201cData for the public good\u201d, National Infrastructure Commission report, London, December 14, p. 76. http:\/\/www.nic.org.uk\/publications\/data-public-good\/.","journal-title":"National Infrastructure Commission report, London"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_1","unstructured":"2020. Three.js is a cross-browser JavaScript library and application programming interface used to create and display animated 3D computer graphics in a web browser using WebGL.https:\/\/threejs.org\/.  2020. Three.js is a cross-browser JavaScript library and application programming interface used to create and display animated 3D computer graphics in a web browser using WebGL.https:\/\/threejs.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351229"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23808985.1979.11923782"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_5_1","first-page":"57","article-title":"Never Smile Until Christmas? Casting Doubt on an Old Myth","volume":"22","author":"Andersen F.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Janis\u00a0 F. Andersen and Peter\u00a0 A. Andersen . 1987 . Never Smile Until Christmas? Casting Doubt on an Old Myth . Journal of Thought 22 , 4 (1987), 57 \u2013 61 . http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/42589246 Janis\u00a0F. Andersen and Peter\u00a0A. Andersen. 1987. Never Smile Until Christmas? Casting Doubt on an Old Myth. Journal of Thought 22, 4 (1987), 57\u201361. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/42589246","journal-title":"Journal of Thought"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00909887909365204"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00909887909365204"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_8_1","unstructured":"Arkar\u00a0Min Aung Anand Ramakrishnan and Jacob Whitehill. 2018. Who are they looking at? Automatic Eye Gaze Following for Classroom Observation Video Analysis. In EDM.  Arkar\u00a0Min Aung Anand Ramakrishnan and Jacob Whitehill. 2018. Who are they looking at? Automatic Eye Gaze Following for Classroom Observation Video Analysis. In EDM."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00221546.2002.11777132"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10508400701793141"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.1.4865.6242"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_12_1","unstructured":"G. Bradski. 2000. The OpenCV Library. Dr. Dobb\u2019s Journal of Software Tools(2000).  G. Bradski. 2000. The OpenCV Library. Dr. Dobb\u2019s Journal of Software Tools(2000)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_13_1","unstructured":"George Breed. 1971. Nonverbal Behavior and Teaching Effectiveness. Final Report.(1971).  George Breed. 1971. Nonverbal Behavior and Teaching Effectiveness. Final Report.(1971)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00221546.1993.11778449"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20133739"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01931"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_17_1","volume-title":"Classroom participation and discussion effectiveness: Student-generated strategies. Communication Education 53, 1","author":"Dallimore J","year":"2004","unstructured":"Elise\u00a0 J Dallimore , Julie\u00a0 H Hertenstein , and Marjorie\u00a0 B Platt . 2004. Classroom participation and discussion effectiveness: Student-generated strategies. Communication Education 53, 1 ( 2004 ). Elise\u00a0J Dallimore, Julie\u00a0H Hertenstein, and Marjorie\u00a0B Platt. 2004. Classroom participation and discussion effectiveness: Student-generated strategies. Communication Education 53, 1 (2004)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_18_1","unstructured":"Jiankang Deng Jia Guo Yuxiang Zhou Jinke Yu Irene Kotsia and Stefanos Zafeiriou. 2019. RetinaFace: Single-stage Dense Face Localisation in the Wild. CoRR abs\/1905.00641(2019). arxiv:1905.00641http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1905.00641  Jiankang Deng Jia Guo Yuxiang Zhou Jinke Yu Irene Kotsia and Stefanos Zafeiriou. 2019. RetinaFace: Single-stage Dense Face Localisation in the Wild. CoRR abs\/1905.00641(2019). arxiv:1905.00641http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1905.00641"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MMUL.2018.023121167"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_20_1","volume-title":"Schon Shock: a case for refraining reflection-in-action?Teachers and teaching 1, 1","author":"Eraut Michael","year":"1995","unstructured":"Michael Eraut . 1995. Schon Shock: a case for refraining reflection-in-action?Teachers and teaching 1, 1 ( 1995 ), 9\u201322. Michael Eraut. 1995. Schon Shock: a case for refraining reflection-in-action?Teachers and teaching 1, 1 (1995), 9\u201322."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_21_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"n-Gage: Predicting in-class Emotional, Behavioural and Cognitive Engagement in the Wild","volume":"4","author":"Gao Nan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nan Gao , Wei Shao , Mohammad\u00a0Saiedur Rahaman , and Flora\u00a0 D Salim . 2020 . n-Gage: Predicting in-class Emotional, Behavioural and Cognitive Engagement in the Wild . Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 4 , 3 (2020), 1 \u2013 26 . Nan Gao, Wei Shao, Mohammad\u00a0Saiedur Rahaman, and Flora\u00a0D Salim. 2020. n-Gage: Predicting in-class Emotional, Behavioural and Cognitive Engagement in the Wild. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 4, 3 (2020), 1\u201326.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2003.1217599"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2014.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10857-015-9306-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_25_1","volume-title":"The day software puts the universe in a shoebox\u2013 : how it will happen and what it will mean","author":"Gelernter David","unstructured":"David Gelernter . 1991. Mirror worlds, or , The day software puts the universe in a shoebox\u2013 : how it will happen and what it will mean . Oxford University Press , New York . David Gelernter. 1991. Mirror worlds, or, The day software puts the universe in a shoebox\u2013 : how it will happen and what it will mean. Oxford University Press, New York."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2012-1818"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dan\u00a0Witzner Hansen and Qiang Ji. 2009. In the eye of the beholder: A survey of models for eyes and gaze. IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence 32 3(2009) 478\u2013500.  Dan\u00a0Witzner Hansen and Qiang Ji. 2009. In the eye of the beholder: A survey of models for eyes and gaze. IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence 32 3(2009) 478\u2013500.","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2009.30"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11251-010-9163-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_29_1","volume-title":"Multiple view geometry in computer vision","author":"Hartley Richard","unstructured":"Richard Hartley . 2004. Multiple view geometry in computer vision . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge, UK New York. Richard Hartley. 2004. Multiple view geometry in computer vision. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK New York."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.20439"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_31_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computers in Education. 36\u201344","author":"Kallonis Pavlos","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pavlos Kallonis and D Sampson . 2010 . Implementing a 3D virtual classroom simulation for teachers\u2019 continuing professional development . In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computers in Education. 36\u201344 . Pavlos Kallonis and D Sampson. 2010. Implementing a 3D virtual classroom simulation for teachers\u2019 continuing professional development. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computers in Education. 36\u201344."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_32_1","volume-title":"International Journal of Smart Home 2 (02","author":"Loke Seng","year":"2008","unstructured":"Seng Loke , Sucha Smanchat , Sea Ling , and Maria Indrawan-Santiago . 2008. Formal Mirror Models: an Approach to Just-in-Time Reasoning for Device Ecologies . International Journal of Smart Home 2 (02 2008 ). Seng Loke, Sucha Smanchat, Sea Ling, and Maria Indrawan-Santiago. 2008. Formal Mirror Models: an Approach to Just-in-Time Reasoning for Device Ecologies. International Journal of Smart Home 2 (02 2008)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_33_1","volume-title":"2015 International Conference on Intelligent Environments. 168\u2013171","author":"Loke W.","unstructured":"S.\u00a0 W. Loke , B.\u00a0 S. Thai , T. Torabi , K. Chan , D. Deng , W. Rahayu , and A. Stocker . 2015. The La Trobe E-Sanctuary: Building a Cross-Reality Wildlife Sanctuary . In 2015 International Conference on Intelligent Environments. 168\u2013171 . S.\u00a0W. Loke, B.\u00a0S. Thai, T. Torabi, K. Chan, D. Deng, W. Rahayu, and A. Stocker. 2015. The La Trobe E-Sanctuary: Building a Cross-Reality Wildlife Sanctuary. In 2015 International Conference on Intelligent Environments. 168\u2013171."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03634520216521"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JOSM-04-2018-0113"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2017.07.198"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3358902"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156856888X00122"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2019.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2460296.2460351"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2666633.2666636"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_43_1","volume-title":"Facilitative effects of gaze upon learning. Perceptual and Motor Skills 64, 3_suppl","author":"Sherwood V","year":"1987","unstructured":"James\u00a0 V Sherwood . 1987. Facilitative effects of gaze upon learning. Perceptual and Motor Skills 64, 3_suppl ( 1987 ), 1275\u20131278. James\u00a0V Sherwood. 1987. Facilitative effects of gaze upon learning. Perceptual and Motor Skills 64, 3_suppl (1987), 1275\u20131278."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02299671"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_45_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) Workshops.","author":"Sumer Omer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Omer Sumer , Patricia Goldberg , Kathleen Sturmer , Tina Seidel , Peter Gerjets , Ulrich Trautwein , and Enkelejda Kasneci . 2018 . Teachers\u2019 Perception in the Classroom . In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) Workshops. Omer Sumer, Patricia Goldberg, Kathleen Sturmer, Tina Seidel, Peter Gerjets, Ulrich Trautwein, and Enkelejda Kasneci. 2018. Teachers\u2019 Perception in the Classroom. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) Workshops."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2019.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3139513.3139514"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3299815.3314424"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3340555.3353761"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_50_1","unstructured":"Xiangyu Zhu Xiaoming Liu Zhen Lei and Stan\u00a0Z. Li. 2018. Face Alignment in Full Pose Range: A 3D Total Solution. CoRR abs\/1804.01005(2018). arxiv:1804.01005http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1804.01005  Xiangyu Zhu Xiaoming Liu Zhen Lei and Stan\u00a0Z. Li. 2018. Face Alignment in Full Pose Range: A 3D Total Solution. CoRR abs\/1804.01005(2018). arxiv:1804.01005http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1804.01005"}],"event":{"name":"CHI '21: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","location":"Yokohama Japan","acronym":"CHI '21","sponsor":["SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3411764.3445711","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3411764.3445711","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T21:24:47Z","timestamp":1750195487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3411764.3445711"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3411764.3445711","10.1145\/3411764"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3411764.3445711","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-05-07","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}