{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:25:40Z","timestamp":1750220740995,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"CSIR RA, Government of India"},{"name":"CSIR Fellowship, Government of India"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Des. Autom. Electron. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Digital microfluidic biochips have fueled a paradigm shift in implementing bench-top laboratory experiments on a single tiny chip, thus replacing costly and bulky equipment. However, because of imprecise fluidic functions, several volumetric split errors may occur during the execution of bioassays. Earlier approaches to error-correcting sample preparation addressed this problem by using a cyberphysical system yielding several drawbacks such as increased sample preparation cost and time, and uncertainty in assay completion time. In addition, error correction for only a single-target sample has been considered so far, although many assays require the production of multi-target samples. In this work, we present an error-free dilution technique that guarantees the correctness of the resulting concentration factor of a sample without performing any additional roll-back or roll-forward action. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to present a solution strategy for tackling dispensing errors during sample preparation. We use micro-electrode-dot-array biochips that offer the advantages of manipulating fractional volumes of droplets (aliquots) for navigation, as well as mix-split operations. Instead of performing traditional mix-and-split steps with integral-volume droplets, we execute only an aliquoting-and-mix sequence using differential-size aliquots. Thus, all split operations, which are the main source of errors in conventional digital microfluidic biochips, are completely eliminated, and hence neither sensing nor any correcting action is needed, and further, no management of intermediate waste droplets is needed. Additionally, the procedure can be fully parallelized for accurately producing multiple dilutions of a sample. Experimental results corroborate the superiority of the proposed method in terms of error management, as well as sample preparation cost and time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3414061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T23:59:50Z","timestamp":1603411190000},"page":"1-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Robust Multi-Target Sample Preparation on MEDA Biochips Obviating Waste Production"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Sudip","family":"Poddar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tapalina","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Statistical Institute Kolkata and University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Wille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bhargab B.","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Proceedings of DTIP","year":"2010","author":"\u00a0al M. Alistar","key":"e_1_2_1_1_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of DTIP","year":"2012","author":"Alistar M.","key":"e_1_2_1_2_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Bio-protocol. 2017. Home Page. Retrieved June 1 2017 from http:\/\/www.bio-protocol.org\/Default.aspx.  Bio-protocol. 2017. Home Page. Retrieved June 1 2017 from http:\/\/www.bio-protocol.org\/Default.aspx."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3126538"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10404-007-0161-8"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE IEDM","year":"2003","author":"Pollack M. G.","key":"e_1_2_1_6_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"504","article-title":"A note on dilution systems","volume":"5","author":"Ingram G.","year":"1962","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2003.820535"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S2339547815500090"},{"volume-title":"Fabrication and Microfluidics","author":"Herold K. E.","key":"e_1_2_1_10_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2012.2202396"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2013.2284010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2429384.2429464"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. D. Huang C. H. Liu and H. S. Lin. 2013. Reactant and waste minimization in multitarget sample preparation on digital microfluidic biochips.IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 32 10 (2013) 1484--1494.  J. D. Huang C. H. Liu and H. S. Lin. 2013. Reactant and waste minimization in multitarget sample preparation on digital microfluidic biochips.IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 32 10 (2013) 1484--1494.","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2013.2263035"},{"volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2019","author":"IBM.","key":"e_1_2_1_15_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of DATE","year":"2019","author":"Ibrahim M.","key":"e_1_2_1_16_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of COMSOL","year":"2014","author":"Jin C.","key":"e_1_2_1_17_1"},{"volume-title":"A programmable microfluidic static droplet array for droplet generation, transportation, fusion, storage, and retrieval. Lab on a Chip 15, 18","year":"2015","author":"Jin S. H.","key":"e_1_2_1_18_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of VLSID","year":"2018","author":"Keszocze O.","key":"e_1_2_1_19_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"708","article-title":"Exact routing for micro-electrode-dot-array digital microfluidic biochips","volume":"2017","author":"Keszocze O.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of ASP-DAC"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11265-014-0939-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Lee C. Kim B. Ahn R. Panchapakesan A. R. Full L. Nordee J. Y. Kang and K. W. Oh. 2009. Generalized serial dilution module for monotonic and arbitrary microfluidic gradient generators. Lab on a Chip 9 (2009) 709--717.  K. Lee C. Kim B. Ahn R. Panchapakesan A. R. Full L. Nordee J. Y. Kang and K. W. Oh. 2009. Generalized serial dilution module for monotonic and arbitrary microfluidic gradient generators. Lab on a Chip 9 (2009) 709--717.","DOI":"10.1039\/B813582G"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2897937.2898028"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2017.2742548"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2017.2653808"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISVLSI.2017.34"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2017.2729347"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2017.2740299"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2019.2942002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","first-page":"468","article-title":"Sample preparation for multiple-reactant bioassays on micro-electrode-dot-array biochips","volume":"2019","author":"Liang T.-C.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of ASP-DAC"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCAD.2013.6691180"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Luo K. Chakrabarty and T. Y. Ho. 2013. Error recovery in cyberphysical digital microfluidic biochips.IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 32 1 (2013) 59--72.  Y. Luo K. Chakrabarty and T. Y. Ho. 2013. Error recovery in cyberphysical digital microfluidic biochips.IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 32 1 (2013) 59--72.","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2012.2211104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2013.2277980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10836-011-5239-2"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of ATS","year":"2012","author":"Mitra D.","key":"e_1_2_1_35_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2014.2323200"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2898999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2018.2864263"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2018.2808234"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of TRANSDUCERS","volume":"1","author":"Ren H.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Roy B. B. Bhattacharya S. Ghoshal and K. Chakrabarty. 2014. High-throughput dilution engine for sample preparation on digital microfluidic biochips. IET Computers 8 Digital Techniques 8 4 (2014) 163--171.  S. Roy B. B. Bhattacharya S. Ghoshal and K. Chakrabarty. 2014. High-throughput dilution engine for sample preparation on digital microfluidic biochips. IET Computers 8 Digital Techniques 8 4 (2014) 163--171.","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-cdt.2013.0060"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2010.2061790"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of DATE","year":"2011","author":"Roy S.","key":"e_1_2_1_43_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2003.12.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11047-006-9032-6"},{"volume-title":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2007","author":"Walker Glenn M.","key":"e_1_2_1_46_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2006.878876"},{"volume-title":"Field-programmable lab-on-a-chip based on microelectrode dot array architecture. IET Nanobiotechnology3","year":"2014","author":"Wang G.","key":"e_1_2_1_48_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","first-page":"834","article-title":"Droplet manipulations on EWOD microelectrode array architecture","volume":"8","author":"Wang G. C.-J.","year":"2014","journal-title":"US Patent"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-nbt.2011.0018"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of ASIC","year":"2015","author":"Wang W.","key":"e_1_2_1_51_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of BioCAS","year":"2008","author":"Xu Tao","key":"e_1_2_1_52_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Zhao and K. Chakrabarty. 2012. Design and Testing of Digital Microfluidic Biochips. Springer.  Y. Zhao and K. Chakrabarty. 2012. Design and Testing of Digital Microfluidic Biochips. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-0370-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1777401.1777404"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMSCS.2018.2827030"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2018.2886952"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","first-page":"474","article-title":"Robust sample preparation on digital microfluidic biochips","volume":"2019","author":"Zhong Z.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of ASP-DAC"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3414061","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3414061","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T22:38:38Z","timestamp":1750199918000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3414061"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3414061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3414061","relation":{},"ISSN":["1084-4309","1557-7309"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1084-4309"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1557-7309"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-11-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-07-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}