{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T16:41:45Z","timestamp":1785343305384,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]],"date-time":"2020-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["IIS-1816511, OAC-1657364, OAC-1845962, OAC-1910469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIS-1816511, OAC-1657364, OAC-1845962, OAC-1910469"]}]},{"name":"HKSAR RGC General Research Fund","award":["CUHK\/14202219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUHK\/14202219"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The anisotropy of mechanical strength on a 3D printed model can be controlled in a multi-axis 3D printing system as materials can be accumulated along dynamically varied directions. In this paper, we present a new computational framework to generate specially designed layers and toolpaths of multi-axis 3D printing for strengthening a model by aligning filaments along the directions with large stresses. The major challenge comes from how to effectively decompose a solid into a sequence of strength-aware and collision-free working surfaces. We formulate it as a problem to compute an optimized governing field together with a selected orientation of fabrication setup. Iso-surfaces of the governing field are extracted as working surface layers for filament alignment. Supporting structures in curved layers are constructed by extrapolating the governing field to enable the fabrication of overhangs. Compared with planar-layer based Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technology, models fabricated by our method can withstand up to 6\n            <jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>\n            35\u00d7 loads in experimental tests.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3414685.3417834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]],"date-time":"2020-11-27T21:51:05Z","timestamp":1606513865000},"page":"1-15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":151,"title":["Reinforced FDM"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Guoxin","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sikai","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangjia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zichun","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlie C. L.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Manchester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/13552540210441166"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addma.2015.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd ACM Symposium on Computation Fabrication (SCF '19)","author":"Arora Rahul","unstructured":"Rahul Arora , Alec Jacobson , Timothy R. Langlois , Yijiang Huang , Caitlin Mueller , Wojciech Matusik , Ariel Shamir , Karan Singh , and David I.W. Levin . 2019. Volumetric Michell Trusses for Parametric Design & Fabrication . In Proceedings of the 3rd ACM Symposium on Computation Fabrication (SCF '19) . ACM, New York, NY, USA, 13. Rahul Arora, Alec Jacobson, Timothy R. Langlois, Yijiang Huang, Caitlin Mueller, Wojciech Matusik, Ariel Shamir, Karan Singh, and David I.W. Levin. 2019. Volumetric Michell Trusses for Parametric Design & Fabrication. In Proceedings of the 3rd ACM Symposium on Computation Fabrication (SCF '19). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 13."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2007.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.13938"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3197517.3201342"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2601097.2601153"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/174462.156635"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4485(94)90093-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3306346.3323022"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/3dp.2015.0036"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","volume-title":"Additive Manufacturing Technologies: Rapid Prototyping to Direct Digital Manufacturing","author":"Gibson Ian","unstructured":"Ian Gibson , David W. Rosen , and Brent Stucker . 2009. Additive Manufacturing Technologies: Rapid Prototyping to Direct Digital Manufacturing ( 1 st ed.). Springer Publishing Company, Inc orporated. Ian Gibson, David W. Rosen, and Brent Stucker. 2009. Additive Manufacturing Technologies: Rapid Prototyping to Direct Digital Manufacturing (1st ed.). Springer Publishing Company, Incorporated.","edition":"1"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3375677"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/237170.237244"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.5575"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cma.2019.02.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","unstructured":"Gael Guennebaud Benoit Jacob and etal 2019. Eigen v3.3. http:\/\/eigen.tuxfamily.org.  Gael Guennebaud Benoit Jacob and et al. 2019. Eigen v3.3. http:\/\/eigen.tuxfamily.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3386569.3392448"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2013.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2980179.2982401"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2012.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2013.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2014.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2980179.2982436"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Llewellyn-Jones R. Allen and R. Trask. 2016. Curved layer fused filament fabrication using automated tool-path generation. 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing 3 4 (2016) 236--243.  T. Llewellyn-Jones R. Allen and R. Trask. 2016. Curved layer fused filament fabrication using automated tool-path generation. 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing 3 4 (2016) 236--243.","DOI":"10.1089\/3dp.2016.0033"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2601097.2601168"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4026898"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2015.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858106"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1468634"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addma.2016.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3272127.3275085"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2185520.2185544"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2016.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/3dp.2017.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0097-8493(99)00076-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4030998.111410"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2542355.2542361"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.12437"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2508363.2508382"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2017.2655523"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2897824.2925966"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2020.101967"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2019.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","volume-title":"International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. https:\/\/www.merl.com\/publications\/TR2016-101","author":"Yerazunis William S.","unstructured":"William S. Yerazunis , John C. Barnwell III, and Daniel N. Nikovski . 2016. Strengthening ABS, Nylon, and Polyester 3D Printed Parts by Stress Tensor Aligned Deposition Paths and Five-Axis Printing . In International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. https:\/\/www.merl.com\/publications\/TR2016-101 William S. Yerazunis, John C. Barnwell III, and Daniel N. Nikovski. 2016. Strengthening ABS, Nylon, and Polyester 3D Printed Parts by Stress Tensor Aligned Deposition Paths and Five-Axis Printing. In International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. https:\/\/www.merl.com\/publications\/TR2016-101"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cagd.2015.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2897824.2925958"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3197517.3201338"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cagd.2019.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3197517.3201369"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2461912.2461967"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Graphics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3414685.3417834","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3414685.3417834","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T22:03:15Z","timestamp":1750197795000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3414685.3417834"}},"subtitle":["multi-axis filament alignment with controlled anisotropic strength"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3414685.3417834"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3414685.3417834","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-0301","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7368","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-11-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}