{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T19:17:35Z","timestamp":1783106255808,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]],"date-time":"2020-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"H2020 Marie Sk?odowska-Curie Actions","award":["675789"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["675789"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004052","name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I 2978"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I 2978"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011199","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["715767"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["715767"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cold bent glass is a promising and cost-efficient method for realizing doubly curved glass fa\u00e7ades. They are produced by attaching planar glass sheets to curved frames and must keep the occurring stress within safe limits. However, it is very challenging to navigate the design space of cold bent glass panels because of the fragility of the material, which impedes the form finding for practically feasible and aesthetically pleasing cold bent glass fa\u00e7ades. We propose an interactive, data-driven approach for designing cold bent glass fa\u00e7ades that can be seamlessly integrated into a typical architectural design pipeline. Our method allows non-expert users to interactively edit a parametric surface while providing real-time feedback on the deformed shape and maximum stress of cold bent glass panels. The designs are automatically refined to minimize several fairness criteria, while maximal stresses are kept within glass limits. We achieve interactive frame rates by using a differentiable Mixture Density Network trained from more than a million simulations. Given a curved boundary, our regression model is capable of handling multistable configurations and accurately predicting the equilibrium shape of the panel and its corresponding maximal stress. We show that the predictions are highly accurate and validate our results with a physical realization of a cold bent glass surface.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3414685.3417843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]],"date-time":"2020-11-27T21:51:05Z","timestamp":1606513865000},"page":"1-16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Computational design of cold bent glass fa\u00e7ades"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Gavriil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TU Wien"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruslan","family":"Guseinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IST Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"URJC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Pellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TU Wien"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IST Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Rist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KAUST"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helmut","family":"Pottmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KAUST"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Bickel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IST Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","volume-title":"Diederik Veenendaal, and Chris Williams.","author":"Adriaenssens Sigrid","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sigrid Adriaenssens , Philippe Block , Diederik Veenendaal, and Chris Williams. 2014 . Shell Structures for Architecture: Form Finding and Optimization. Routledge . Sigrid Adriaenssens, Philippe Block, Diederik Veenendaal, and Chris Williams. 2014. Shell Structures for Architecture: Form Finding and Optimization. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","volume-title":"Jamie Ryan Kiros, and Geoffrey E. Hinton","author":"Ba Jimmy Lei","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jimmy Lei Ba , Jamie Ryan Kiros, and Geoffrey E. Hinton . 2016 . Layer Normalization . arXiv:1607.06450 Jimmy Lei Ba, Jamie Ryan Kiros, and Geoffrey E. Hinton. 2016. Layer Normalization. arXiv:1607.06450"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1073204.1073300"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","volume-title":"Structural Silicone Sealed Cold-Bent Glass-High-Rise Projects Experience Leading to a New Design Concept. GPD Glass Performance Days","author":"Beer Benjamin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Benjamin Beer . 2015. Structural Silicone Sealed Cold-Bent Glass-High-Rise Projects Experience Leading to a New Design Concept. GPD Glass Performance Days ( 2015 ), 235--240. Benjamin Beer. 2015. Structural Silicone Sealed Cold-Bent Glass-High-Rise Projects Experience Leading to a New Design Concept. GPD Glass Performance Days (2015), 235--240."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cold bending of laminated glass panels","volume":"52","author":"Belis Jan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jan Belis , Bart Inghelbrecht , Rudy Van Impe , and Dieter Callewaert . 2007 . Cold bending of laminated glass panels . Heron 52 , 1 -- 2 (2007), 123--146. Jan Belis, Bart Inghelbrecht, Rudy Van Impe, and Dieter Callewaert. 2007. Cold bending of laminated glass panels. Heron 52, 1--2 (2007), 123--146.","journal-title":"Heron"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2017.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.13146"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.13327"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","volume-title":"Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning","author":"Bishop Christopher M.","unstructured":"Christopher M. Bishop . 2006. Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning . Springer-Verlag New York . Christopher M. Bishop. 2006. Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning. Springer-Verlag New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2766889"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3197517.3201386"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","volume-title":"Christensen and Anders Klarbring","author":"Peter","year":"2008","unstructured":"Peter W. Christensen and Anders Klarbring . 2008 . An Introduction to Structural Optimization. Springer Netherlands . Peter W. Christensen and Anders Klarbring. 2008. An Introduction to Structural Optimization. Springer Netherlands."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","unstructured":"Djork-Arn\u00e9 Clevert Thomas Unterthiner and Sepp Hochreiter. 2015. Fast and Accurate Deep Network Learning by Exponential Linear Units (ELUs). arXiv:1511.07289  Djork-Arn\u00e9 Clevert Thomas Unterthiner and Sepp Hochreiter. 2015. Fast and Accurate Deep Network Learning by Exponential Linear Units (ELUs). arXiv:1511.07289"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1778765.1778782"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7480\/cgc.5.2233"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of IASS Annual Symposia. IASS. https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/iass\/piass\/2016\/00002016\/00000016\/art00016","author":"Eversmann Philipp","year":"2016","unstructured":"Philipp Eversmann , Eike Schling , Andr\u00e9 Ihde , and Christian Louter . 2016 b. Low-Cost Double Curvature: Geometrical and Structural Potentials of Rectangular, Cold-Bent Glass Construction . In Proceedings of IASS Annual Symposia. IASS. https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/iass\/piass\/2016\/00002016\/00000016\/art00016 Philipp Eversmann, Eike Schling, Andr\u00e9 Ihde, and Christian Louter. 2016b. Low-Cost Double Curvature: Geometrical and Structural Potentials of Rectangular, Cold-Bent Glass Construction. In Proceedings of IASS Annual Symposia. IASS. https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/iass\/piass\/2016\/00002016\/00000016\/art00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/stab.201120005"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.13645"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","unstructured":"Francisca Gil-Ureta Nico Pietroni and Denis Zorin. 2019. Structurally optimized shells. arXiv:1904.12240  Francisca Gil-Ureta Nico Pietroni and Denis Zorin. 2019. Structurally optimized shells. arXiv:1904.12240"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","volume-title":"A Discrete Model for Inelastic Deformation of Thin Shells. (01","author":"Gingold Yotam","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yotam Gingold , Adrian Secord , Jefferson Han , Eitan Grinspun , and Denis Zorin . 2004. A Discrete Model for Inelastic Deformation of Thin Shells. (01 2004 ). Yotam Gingold, Adrian Secord, Jefferson Han, Eitan Grinspun, and Denis Zorin. 2004. A Discrete Model for Inelastic Deformation of Thin Shells. (01 2004)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2003.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2006.00974.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3072959.3073709"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","volume-title":"Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition. In 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). 770--778","author":"He Kaiming","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kaiming He , Xiangyu Zhang , Shaoqing Ren , and Jian Sun . 2016 . Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition. In 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). 770--778 . Kaiming He, Xiangyu Zhang, Shaoqing Ren, and Jian Sun. 2016. Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition. In 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). 770--778."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","volume-title":"Kingma and Jimmy Lei Ba","author":"Diederik","year":"2014","unstructured":"Diederik P. Kingma and Jimmy Lei Ba . 2014 . Adam : A Method for Stochastic Optimization . (2014). arXiv:1607.06450 Diederik P. Kingma and Jimmy Lei Ba. 2014. Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization. (2014). arXiv:1607.06450"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"On the nonlinear theory of thin elastic shells","volume":"69","author":"Koiter Warner T.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Warner T. Koiter . 1966 . On the nonlinear theory of thin elastic shells . Proc. Koninkl. Ned. Akad. van Wetenschappen, Series B 69 (1966), 1 -- 54 . Warner T. Koiter. 1966. On the nonlinear theory of thin elastic shells. Proc. Koninkl. Ned. Akad. van Wetenschappen, Series B 69 (1966), 1--54.","journal-title":"Proc. Koninkl. Ned. Akad. van Wetenschappen, Series B"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3197517.3201373"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1141911.1141941"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2070781.2024174"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","volume-title":"NNWarp: Neural Network-based Nonlinear Deformation","author":"Luo Ran","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ran Luo , Tianjia Shao , Huamin Wang , Weiwei Xu , Xiang Chen , Kun Zhou , and Yin Yang . 2018. NNWarp: Neural Network-based Nonlinear Deformation . IEEE TVCG ( 2018 ). Ran Luo, Tianjia Shao, Huamin Wang, Weiwei Xu, Xiang Chen, Kun Zhou, and Yin Yang. 2018. NNWarp: Neural Network-based Nonlinear Deformation. IEEE TVCG (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3272127.3275076"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2816795.2818137"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0266351117738379"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3305366.3328059"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2766955"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3306346.3323040"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3306346.3322975"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","volume-title":"Rethinking Prototyping: Proceedings of the Design Modelling Symposium Berlin 2013","author":"Peloux Lionel Du","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lionel Du Peloux , Olivier Baverel , Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Caron , and Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Tayeb . 2013 . From shape to shell: a design tool to materialize freeform shapes using gridshell structures . In Rethinking Prototyping: Proceedings of the Design Modelling Symposium Berlin 2013 . Berlin, Germany. https:\/\/hal.archives-ouvertes.fr\/hal-01 199030 Lionel Du Peloux, Olivier Baverel, Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Caron, and Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Tayeb. 2013. From shape to shell: a design tool to materialize freeform shapes using gridshell structures. In Rethinking Prototyping: Proceedings of the Design Modelling Symposium Berlin 2013. Berlin, Germany. https:\/\/hal.archives-ouvertes.fr\/hal-01199030"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/74334.74355"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2601097.2601132"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2014.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1360612.1360675"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3072959.3073688"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.12967"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3272127.3275085"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2185520.2185544"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","unstructured":"Sivan Toledo. 2003. TAUCS A Library of Sparse Linear Solvers. http:\/\/www.tau.ac.il\/~stoledo\/taucs  Sivan Toledo. 2003. TAUCS A Library of Sparse Linear Solvers. http:\/\/www.tau.ac.il\/~stoledo\/taucs"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3072959.3073626"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3197517.3201325"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2185520.2185582"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3386569.3392398"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3355089.3356512"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_54_1","unstructured":"Clarisse Weischedel. 2012. A discrete geometric view on shear-deformable shell models.  Clarisse Weischedel. 2012. A discrete geometric view on shear-deformable shell models."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3306346.3322991"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cagd.2003.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.12986"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Graphics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3414685.3417843","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3414685.3417843","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T22:03:15Z","timestamp":1750197795000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3414685.3417843"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3414685.3417843"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3414685.3417843","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-0301","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7368","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-11-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}