{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T05:33:42Z","timestamp":1782279222033,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"CSCW2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>With the ongoing debate on 'freedom of speech' vs. 'hate speech,' there is an urgent need to carefully understand the consequences of the inevitable culmination of the two, i.e., 'freedom of hate speech' over time. An ideal scenario to understand this would be to observe the effects of hate speech in an (almost) unrestricted environment. Hence, we perform the first temporal analysis of hate speech on Gab.com, a social media site with very loose moderation policy. We first generate temporal snapshots of Gab from millions of posts and users. Using these temporal snapshots, we compute an activity vector based on DeGroot model to identify hateful users. The amount of hate speech in Gab is steadily increasing and the new users are becoming hateful at an increased and faster rate. Further, our analysis analysis reveals that the hate users are occupying the prominent positions in the Gab network. Also, the language used by the community as a whole seem to correlate more with that of the hateful users as compared to the non-hateful ones. We discuss how, many crucial design questions in CSCW open up from our work.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3415163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T22:28:12Z","timestamp":1602800892000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Hate begets Hate"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Binny","family":"Mathew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anurag","family":"Illendula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Punyajoy","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soumya","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawan","family":"Goyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Animesh","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-14977-6_47"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Deep Learning Models for Multilingual Hate Speech Detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.06465","author":"Aluru Sai Saket","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Norman H Anderson. 1981. Foundations of information integration theory. (1981).  Norman H Anderson. 1981. Foundations of information integration theory. (1981)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Evolving Twitter: an experimental analysis of graph properties of the social graph. arXiv preprint arXiv:1510.01091","author":"Antonakaki Despoina","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"The Future of Freedom of Expression Online","volume":"17","author":"Aswad Evelyn Mary","year":"2018","journal-title":"Duke L. & Tech. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinkesh Badjatiya Shashank Gupta Manish Gupta and Vasudeva Varma. 2017. Deep Learning for Hate Speech Detection in Tweets (WWW). 759--760.  Pinkesh Badjatiya Shashank Gupta Manish Gupta and Vasudeva Varma. 2017. Deep Learning for Hate Speech Detection in Tweets (WWW). 759--760.","DOI":"10.1145\/3041021.3054223"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Countering dangerous speech: new ideas for genocide prevention","author":"Benesch Susan","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Haji Mohammad Saleem, and Lucas Wright","author":"Benesch Susan","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10982-017-9297-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-016-0072-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th ACM conference companion on computer supported cooperative work & social computing. 171--174","author":"Cavusoglu Huseyin","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3287560.3287601"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2012.2234508"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3134666"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3026018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2006.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2488388.2488416"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Eleventh International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media.","author":"Davidson Thomas","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-5102"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1974.10480137"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Must We Defend Nazis: Why the First Amendment Should Not Protect Hate Speech and White Supremacy","author":"Delgado Richard"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"W ilcoxon--M ann--W hitney Test. Encyclopedia of statistics in behavioral science","author":"DePuy Venita","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2740908.2742760"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2910575"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Twelfth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media.","author":"ElSherief Mai","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media","volume":"13","author":"Fair Gabriel","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjso.12090"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3232676"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v12i1.14991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Countering online hate speech","author":"Gagliardone Iginio"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Detecting online hate speech using context aware models. arXiv preprint arXiv:1710.07395","author":"Gao Lei","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Speaking back: The free speech versus hate speech debate","author":"Gelber Katharine"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2017.284"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14257\/ijmue.2015.10.4.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/mic.2.1.112"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1031(85)90006-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"All You Need is\" Love\": Evading Hate-speech Detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:1808.09115","author":"Gr\u00f6ndahl Tommi","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SITIS.2007.137"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-5103"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Emoji Use in Twitter White Nationalism Communication. In Conference Companion Publication of the 2019 on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing. ACM, 201--205","author":"Hagen Loni","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Heafield Kenneth","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-polisci-051517-012343"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17549507.2018.1392612"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17549507.2018.1392612"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3415163","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3415163","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T22:03:10Z","timestamp":1750197790000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3415163"}},"subtitle":["A Temporal Study of Hate Speech"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"CSCW2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3415163"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3415163","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-10-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}