{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T17:17:33Z","timestamp":1772817453227,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"CSCW2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"DFG","award":["374666841"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["374666841"]}]},{"name":"KU Leuven Research Council","award":["24\/16\/017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24\/16\/017"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005298","name":"University of Costa Rica","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005298","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>User beliefs about algorithmic systems are constantly co-produced through user interaction and the complex socio-technical systems that generate recommendations. Identifying these beliefs is crucial because they influence how users interact with recommendation algorithms. With no prior work on user beliefs of algorithmic video recommendations, practitioners lack relevant knowledge to improve the user experience of such systems. To address this problem, we conducted semi-structured interviews with middle-aged YouTube video consumers to analyze their user beliefs about the video recommendation system. Our analysis revealed different factors that users believe influence their recommendations. Based on these factors, we identified four groups of user beliefs: Previous Actions, Social Media, Recommender System, and Company Policy. Additionally, we propose a framework to distinguish the four main actors that users believe influence their video recommendations: the current user, other users, the algorithm, and the organization. This framework provides a new lens to explore design suggestions based on the agency of these four actors. It also exposes a novel aspect previously unexplored: the effect of corporate decisions on the interaction with algorithmic recommendations. While we found that users are aware of the existence of the recommendation system on YouTube, we show that their understanding of this system is limited.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3415192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T22:27:49Z","timestamp":1602800869000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Middle-Aged Video Consumers' Beliefs About Algorithmic Recommendations on YouTube"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Oscar","family":"Alvarado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Hendrik","family":"Heuer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Vero","family":"Vanden Abeele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Breiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Katrien","family":"Verbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1055709.1055714"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"INTERACT","author":"Alvarado Oscar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oscar Alvarado , Vero Vanden Abeele , David Geerts , and Katrien Verbert . 2019 . ' I Really Don't Know What 'Thumbs Up' Means?: Algorithmic Experience in Movie Recommender Algorithms. In Human-Computer Interaction -- INTERACT 2019 . INTERACT 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 11748. Springer, Cham, Lamas D., Loizides F., Nacke L., Petrie H., Winckler M., and Zaphiris P. (Eds.). Springer, Cham, 521--541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978--3-030--29387--1_30 10.1007\/978--3-030--29387--1_30 Oscar Alvarado, Vero Vanden Abeele, David Geerts, and Katrien Verbert. 2019. 'I Really Don't Know What 'Thumbs Up' Means?: Algorithmic Experience in Movie Recommender Algorithms. In Human-Computer Interaction -- INTERACT 2019. INTERACT 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 11748. Springer, Cham, Lamas D., Loizides F., Nacke L., Petrie H., Winckler M., and Zaphiris P. (Eds.). Springer, Cham, 521--541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978--3-030--29387--1_30"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173860"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2016.1216147"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2470658"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1354856517736978"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-013-9321-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/642611.642713"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2959100.2959190"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1864708.1864770"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Google Developers. 2019. Metrics textbar YouTube Analytics and Reporting APIs. https:\/\/developers.google.com\/youtube\/analytics\/metrics Google Developers. 2019. Metrics textbar YouTube Analytics and Reporting APIs. https:\/\/developers.google.com\/youtube\/analytics\/metrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173694"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025659"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Short paper presented at HCI","author":"Dourish Paul","unstructured":"Paul Dourish and Matthew Chalmers . 1994. Running out of space: Models of information navigation . In Short paper presented at HCI , Vol. 94 . 23--26. Paul Dourish and Matthew Chalmers. 1994. Running out of space: Models of information navigation. In Short paper presented at HCI, Vol. 94. 23--26."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858494"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702556"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"YouTube Delivers Far-Right Tirades. The New York Times (Sept.","author":"Fisher Max","year":"2018","unstructured":"Max Fisher and Katrin Bennhold . 2018. As Germans Seek News , YouTube Delivers Far-Right Tirades. The New York Times (Sept. 2018 ). https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/09\/07\/world\/europe\/youtube-far-right-extremism.html Max Fisher and Katrin Bennhold. 2018. As Germans Seek News, YouTube Delivers Far-Right Tirades. The New York Times (Sept. 2018). https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/09\/07\/world\/europe\/youtube-far-right-extremism.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"What's the Folk Theory? Reasoning About Cyber-Social Systems. SSRN Electronic Journal (feb","author":"French Megan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Megan French and Jeff Hancock . 2017. What's the Folk Theory? Reasoning About Cyber-Social Systems. SSRN Electronic Journal (feb 2017 ). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.2910571 10.2139\/ssrn.2910571 Megan French and Jeff Hancock. 2017. What's the Folk Theory? Reasoning About Cyber-Social Systems. SSRN Electronic Journal (feb 2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.2910571"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1869652.1869654"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Concepts and folk theories. Annual review of anthropology","author":"Gelman Susan A","year":"2011","unstructured":"Susan A Gelman and Cristine H Legare . 2011. Concepts and folk theories. Annual review of anthropology , Vol. 40 ( 2011 ), 379--398. Susan A Gelman and Cristine H Legare. 2011. Concepts and folk theories. Annual review of anthropology, Vol. 40 (2011), 379--398."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262525374.001.0001","volume-title":"The relevance of algorithms. Media Technologies: Essays on Communication, Materiality, and Society","author":"Gillespie Tarleton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tarleton Gillespie . 2014. The relevance of algorithms. Media Technologies: Essays on Communication, Materiality, and Society ( 2014 ), 167--194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262525374.003.0009 arxiv: arXiv:1011.1669v3 10.7551\/mitpress Tarleton Gillespie. 2014. The relevance of algorithms. Media Technologies: Essays on Communication, Materiality, and Society (2014), 167--194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262525374.003.0009 arxiv: arXiv:1011.1669v3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","first-page":"52","article-title":"#trendingistrending: When algorithms become culture","volume":"189","author":"Gillespie Tarleton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tarleton Gillespie . 2016 . #trendingistrending: When algorithms become culture . Algorithmic Cultures: Essays on Meaning, Performance and New Technologies , Vol. 189 (2016), 52 -- 75 . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315658698 10.4324\/9781315658698 Tarleton Gillespie. 2016. #trendingistrending: When algorithms become culture. Algorithmic Cultures: Essays on Meaning, Performance and New Technologies, Vol. 189 (2016), 52--75. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315658698","journal-title":"Algorithmic Cultures: Essays on Meaning, Performance and New Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Deep Learning","author":"Goodfellow Ian","unstructured":"Ian Goodfellow , Yoshua Bengio , and Aaron Courville . 2016. Deep Learning . MIT Press . http:\/\/www.deeplearningbook.org. Ian Goodfellow, Yoshua Bengio, and Aaron Courville. 2016. Deep Learning .MIT Press. http:\/\/www.deeplearningbook.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2559206.2578883"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Algorithms for association rule mining- a general survey and comparison. SIGKDD explorations","author":"Hipp Jochen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jochen Hipp , Ulrich G\u00fcntzer , and Gholamreza Nakhaeizadeh . 2000. Algorithms for association rule mining- a general survey and comparison. SIGKDD explorations , Vol. 2 , 1 ( 2000 ), 58--64. Jochen Hipp, Ulrich G\u00fcntzer, and Gholamreza Nakhaeizadeh. 2000. Algorithms for association rule mining- a general survey and comparison. SIGKDD explorations, Vol. 2, 1 (2000), 58--64."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Recommender Systems -- Beyond Matrix","volume":"59","author":"Jannach Dietmar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dietmar Jannach , Paul Resnick , Alexander Tuzhilin , and Markus Zanker . 2016 . Recommender Systems -- Beyond Matrix Completion. Commun. ACM , Vol. 59 , 11 (Oct. 2016), 94--102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2891406 10.1145\/2891406 Dietmar Jannach, Paul Resnick, Alexander Tuzhilin, and Markus Zanker. 2016. Recommender Systems -- Beyond Matrix Completion. Commun. ACM, Vol. 59, 11 (Oct. 2016), 94--102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2891406","journal-title":"Completion. Commun. ACM"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3001837"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Alternative Influence: Broadcasting the Reactionary Right on YouTube. Technical Report","author":"Lewis Rebecca","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rebecca Lewis . 2018 . Alternative Influence: Broadcasting the Reactionary Right on YouTube. Technical Report . Data & Society Research Institute . 60 pages. https:\/\/datasociety.net\/output\/alternative-influence\/ Rebecca Lewis. 2018. Alternative Influence: Broadcasting the Reactionary Right on YouTube. Technical Report. Data & Society Research Institute. 60 pages. https:\/\/datasociety.net\/output\/alternative-influence\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1869652.1869653"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Machine Learning 1 ed.)","author":"Mitchell Thomas M.","unstructured":"Thomas M. Mitchell . 1997. Machine Learning 1 ed.) . McGraw-Hill, Inc. , New York, NY, USA . Thomas M. Mitchell. 1997. Machine Learning 1 ed.). McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, NY, USA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951716679679"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1367549415577387"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"Kevin Munger and Joseph Phillips. 2019. A Supply and Demand Framework for YouTube Politics. (2019). Kevin Munger and Joseph Phillips. 2019. A Supply and Demand Framework for YouTube Politics. (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc","author":"Norman D. A.","unstructured":"D. A. Norman . 1987. Human-computer Interaction. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc ., San Francisco, CA, USA , Chapter Some Observations on Mental Models , 241--244. http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=58076.58097 D. A. Norman. 1987. Human-computer Interaction. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA, Chapter Some Observations on Mental Models, 241--244. http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=58076.58097"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Learning, creating, and using knowledge: Concept maps as facilitative tools in schools and corporations","author":"Novak Joseph D","unstructured":"Joseph D Novak . 2010. Learning, creating, and using knowledge: Concept maps as facilitative tools in schools and corporations . Routledge . Joseph D Novak. 2010. Learning, creating, and using knowledge: Concept maps as facilitative tools in schools and corporations .Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","first-page":"2006","article-title":"The theory underlying concept maps and how to construct them","volume":"1","author":"Novak Joseph D","year":"2006","unstructured":"Joseph D Novak and Alberto J Ca nas. 2006 . The theory underlying concept maps and how to construct them . Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition , Vol. 1 (2006), 2006 -- 2001 . Joseph D Novak and Alberto J Ca nas. 2006. The theory underlying concept maps and how to construct them. Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Vol. 1 (2006), 2006--2001.","journal-title":"Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025539"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2019.1672766"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","unstructured":"YouTube. 2019. Press. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/intl\/en-GB\/yt\/about\/press\/ YouTube. 2019. Press. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/intl\/en-GB\/yt\/about\/press\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","unstructured":"YouTube Creators. 2017a. How YouTube's Home Screen Works. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=69tpVNunQEU YouTube Creators. 2017a. How YouTube's Home Screen Works. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=69tpVNunQEU"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"YouTube Creators. 2017b. 'The Algorithm' - How YouTube Search & Discovery Works. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hPxnIix5ExI YouTube Creators. 2017b. 'The Algorithm' - How YouTube Search & Discovery Works. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hPxnIix5ExI"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3415192","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3415192","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T22:03:10Z","timestamp":1750197790000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3415192"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"CSCW2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3415192"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3415192","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-10-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}