{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T14:00:51Z","timestamp":1770040851035,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"CSCW2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["1749815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1749815"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Journalists are increasingly investigating and reporting on problematic online content such as misinformation, disinformation, and conspiracy theories, leading to the creation of a new misinformation beat. The process of collecting, analyzing, and reporting on this kind of data is complex and nuanced. It is especially challenging as online actors attempt to undermine their work. Through in-depth interviews with twelve journalists, we explore how they investigate and report on online misinformation and disinformation. Our findings reveal some of the unique challenges of reporting on this beat, as well as the ways in which reporters overcome those challenges. We highlight and discuss how journalistic values could be better embedded into the design of tools to support their work, the power dynamics between social media companies and journalists, and the promise of collaborations as a way to support and educate journalists on this beat. This work provides contextual knowledge to researchers looking to better support investigative journalists - on the misinformation beat and beyond - as their work becomes more entangled in sociotechnical systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3415204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T22:28:12Z","timestamp":1602800892000},"page":"1-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["On the Misinformation Beat"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Melinda","family":"McClure Haughey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Centered Design &amp; Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}]},{"given":"Meena Devii","family":"Muralikumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Centered Design &amp; Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}]},{"given":"Cameron A.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Centered Design &amp; Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Starbird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Centered Design &amp; Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. Bellingcat. https:\/\/www.bellingcat.com\/  [n.d.]. Bellingcat. https:\/\/www.bellingcat.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. CrowdTangle. https:\/\/www.crowdtangle.com\/  [n.d.]. CrowdTangle. https:\/\/www.crowdtangle.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. Data Journalism Bootcamp. https:\/\/www.ire.org\/events-and-training\/boot-camps  [n.d.]. Data Journalism Bootcamp. https:\/\/www.ire.org\/events-and-training\/boot-camps"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. Digital Forensic Research Lab. https:\/\/www.atlanticcouncil.org\/programs\/digital-forensic-research-lab\/  [n.d.]. Digital Forensic Research Lab. https:\/\/www.atlanticcouncil.org\/programs\/digital-forensic-research-lab\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. First Draft. https:\/\/firstdraftnews.org\/  [n.d.]. First Draft. https:\/\/firstdraftnews.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. The International Fact-Checking Network. https:\/\/www.poynter.org\/ifcn\/  [n.d.]. The International Fact-Checking Network. https:\/\/www.poynter.org\/ifcn\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. MediaWell: teaching and learning. https:\/\/mediawell.ssrc.org\/teaching-and-learning\/  [n.d.]. MediaWell: teaching and learning. https:\/\/mediawell.ssrc.org\/teaching-and-learning\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. Rapid release at massive scale. https:\/\/engineering.fb.com\/web\/rapid-release-at-massive-scale\/  [n.d.]. Rapid release at massive scale. https:\/\/engineering.fb.com\/web\/rapid-release-at-massive-scale\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. Training: Data Journalism. https:\/\/newsinitiative.withgoogle.com\/training\/course\/data-journalism  [n.d.]. Training: Data Journalism. https:\/\/newsinitiative.withgoogle.com\/training\/course\/data-journalism"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. Training: Verification Course. https:\/\/newsinitiative.withgoogle.com\/training\/course\/verification  [n.d.]. Training: Verification Course. https:\/\/newsinitiative.withgoogle.com\/training\/course\/verification"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. Verification Training. https:\/\/firstdraftnews.org\/training\/verification\/  [n.d.]. Verification Training. https:\/\/firstdraftnews.org\/training\/verification\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"2019. Newspapers Fact Sheet. https:\/\/www.journalism.org\/fact-sheet\/newspapers\/  2019. Newspapers Fact Sheet. https:\/\/www.journalism.org\/fact-sheet\/newspapers\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"2020. Coronavirus: Responsible reporting and ethics. https:\/\/firstdraftnews.org\/long-form-article\/coronavirusresources- for-reporters\/  2020. Coronavirus: Responsible reporting and ethics. https:\/\/firstdraftnews.org\/long-form-article\/coronavirusresources- for-reporters\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"2020. Novel Coronavirus(2019-nCoV): Situation Report - 13. https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/ situation-reports\/20200202-sitrep-13-ncov-v3.pdf'sfvrsn=195f4010_6  2020. Novel Coronavirus(2019-nCoV): Situation Report - 13. https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/ situation-reports\/20200202-sitrep-13-ncov-v3.pdf'sfvrsn=195f4010_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"2020. Reporter Resource Hub. https:\/\/firstdraftnews.org\/training\/  2020. Reporter Resource Hub. https:\/\/firstdraftnews.org\/training\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"2020. Social Science One: Our Facebook Partnership. https:\/\/socialscience.one\/our-facebook-partnership  2020. Social Science One: Our Facebook Partnership. https:\/\/socialscience.one\/our-facebook-partnership"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"The expanding news desert","author":"Abernathy Penelope Muse","unstructured":"Penelope Muse Abernathy . 2018. The expanding news desert . Center for Innovation and Sustainability in Local Media, School of Media Penelope Muse Abernathy. 2018. The expanding news desert. Center for Innovation and Sustainability in Local Media, School of Media"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Third AAAI Conference on Human Computation and Crowdsourcing. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.","volume":"4","author":"Agapie Elena","year":"2015","unstructured":"Elena Agapie , Jaime Teevan , and Andr\u00e9s Monroy-Hern\u00e1ndez . 2015 . Crowdsourcing in the field: A case study using local crowds for event reporting . In Third AAAI Conference on Human Computation and Crowdsourcing. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. , Vol. 4 , No. CSCW2, Article 133. Publication date : October 2020. 133:20 Melinda McClure Haughey et al. Elena Agapie, Jaime Teevan, and Andr\u00e9s Monroy-Hern\u00e1ndez. 2015. Crowdsourcing in the field: A case study using local crowds for event reporting. In Third AAAI Conference on Human Computation and Crowdsourcing. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact., Vol. 4, No. CSCW2, Article 133. Publication date: October 2020. 133:20 Melinda McClure Haughey et al."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Davey Alba. 2020. Virus Conspiracists Elevate a New Champion. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/05\/09\/technology\/ plandemic-judy-mikovitz-coronavirus-disinformation.html  Davey Alba. 2020. Virus Conspiracists Elevate a New Champion. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/05\/09\/technology\/ plandemic-judy-mikovitz-coronavirus-disinformation.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Why drop a paywall? Mapping industry accounts of online news decommodification","volume":"10","author":"Ananny Mike","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mike Ananny and Leila Bighash . 2016 . Why drop a paywall? Mapping industry accounts of online news decommodification . International Journal of Communication 10 (2016), 22 . Mike Ananny and Leila Bighash. 2016. Why drop a paywall? Mapping industry accounts of online news decommodification. International Journal of Communication 10 (2016), 22.","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21670811.2014.884344"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3274289"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Computation + Journalism Conference","author":"Bajak Aleszu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aleszu Bajak , John Wihbey , Gibson Free , and Paxten Merten . 2019 . Newsroom Textual Analysis and Visualization Tools Built With R Shiny . In Proceedings of the Computation + Journalism Conference , University of Miami, FL. Aleszu Bajak, John Wihbey, Gibson Free, and Paxten Merten. 2019. Newsroom Textual Analysis and Visualization Tools Built With R Shiny. In Proceedings of the Computation + Journalism Conference, University of Miami, FL."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Data not seen: The uses and shortcomings of social media metrics. First Monday 18, 10","author":"Baym Nancy K","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nancy K Baym . 2013. Data not seen: The uses and shortcomings of social media metrics. First Monday 18, 10 ( 2013 ). Nancy K Baym. 2013. Data not seen: The uses and shortcomings of social media metrics. First Monday 18, 10 (2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"Susan Benkelman. 2019. Getting it Right: Strategies for truth-telling in a time of misinformation and polarization. https:\/\/www.americanpressinstitute.org\/publications\/reports\/white-papers\/truth-telling-in-a-time-ofmisinformation- and-polarization\/  Susan Benkelman. 2019. Getting it Right: Strategies for truth-telling in a time of misinformation and polarization. https:\/\/www.americanpressinstitute.org\/publications\/reports\/white-papers\/truth-telling-in-a-time-ofmisinformation- and-polarization\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"Ladislav Bittman. 1985. The KGB and Soviet disinformation: an insider's view. Washington: Pergamon-Brassey?s.  Ladislav Bittman. 1985. The KGB and Soviet disinformation: an insider's view. Washington: Pergamon-Brassey?s."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"danah boyd. 2018. The Messy Fourth Estate. https:\/\/gen.medium.com\/the-messy-fourth-estate-a42c1586b657  danah boyd. 2018. The Messy Fourth Estate. https:\/\/gen.medium.com\/the-messy-fourth-estate-a42c1586b657"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"Danah Boyd and Kate Crawford. 2011. Six provocations for big data. In A decade in internet time: Symposium on the dynamics of the internet and society.  Danah Boyd and Kate Crawford. 2011. Six provocations for big data. In A decade in internet time: Symposium on the dynamics of the internet and society."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Managing democracy in the digital age","author":"Brands Bert Jan","unstructured":"Bert Jan Brands , Todd Graham , and Marcel Broersma . 2018. Social media sourcing practices: How Dutch newspapers use tweets in political news coverage . In Managing democracy in the digital age . Springer , 159--178. Bert Jan Brands, Todd Graham, and Marcel Broersma. 2018. Social media sourcing practices: How Dutch newspapers use tweets in political news coverage. In Managing democracy in the digital age. Springer, 159--178."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kathy Charmaz Liska Belgrave etal 2012. Qualitative interviewing and grounded theory analysis. The SAGE handbook of interview research: The complexity of the craft 2 (2012) 347--365.  Kathy Charmaz Liska Belgrave et al. 2012. Qualitative interviewing and grounded theory analysis. The SAGE handbook of interview research: The complexity of the craft 2 (2012) 347--365.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452218403.n25"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Bankruptcy Map: A System for Searching and Analyzing US Bankruptcy Cases at Scale.","author":"Choi Euirim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Euirim Choi , Gillian Brassil , Katie Keller , Jessica Ouyang , and Kate Wang . 2020 . Bankruptcy Map: A System for Searching and Analyzing US Bankruptcy Cases at Scale. (2020). Euirim Choi, Gillian Brassil, Katie Keller, Jessica Ouyang, and Kate Wang. 2020. Bankruptcy Map: A System for Searching and Analyzing US Bankruptcy Cases at Scale. (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1464884918817608"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2001269.2001288"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"Nick Corasaniti. 2020. How a Misleading Biden Video Spread. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/01\/07\/us\/politics\/bidenvideo- disinformation-spread.html  Nick Corasaniti. 2020. How a Misleading Biden Video Spread. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/01\/07\/us\/politics\/bidenvideo- disinformation-spread.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10606-014-9208-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","unstructured":"Walter Dean. [n.d.]. Journalism as a discipline of verification. https:\/\/www.americanpressinstitute.org\/journalismessentials\/ verification-accuracy\/journalism-discipline-verification\/  Walter Dean. [n.d.]. Journalism as a discipline of verification. https:\/\/www.americanpressinstitute.org\/journalismessentials\/ verification-accuracy\/journalism-discipline-verification\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"Mark Deuze and Jo Bardoel. 2001. Network journalism: Converging competences of media professionals and professionalism. (2001).  Mark Deuze and Jo Bardoel. 2001. Network journalism: Converging competences of media professionals and professionalism. (2001)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","unstructured":"Caitlin Dewey. 2015. 48 hours inside the Internet?s 'most toxic' community. https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/ the-intersect\/wp\/2015\/03\/26\/48-hours-inside-the-internets-most-toxic-community\/  Caitlin Dewey. 2015. 48 hours inside the Internet?s 'most toxic' community. https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/ the-intersect\/wp\/2015\/03\/26\/48-hours-inside-the-internets-most-toxic-community\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315713793-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2208409"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VAST.2010.5652922"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Source hacking: Media manipulation in practice. Retrieved from Data&Society website: https:\/\/datasociety. net\/output\/source-hacking-media-manipulation-in-practice","author":"Donovan Joan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Joan Donovan and Brian Friedberg . 2019. Source hacking: Media manipulation in practice. Retrieved from Data&Society website: https:\/\/datasociety. net\/output\/source-hacking-media-manipulation-in-practice ( 2019 ). Joan Donovan and Brian Friedberg. 2019. Source hacking: Media manipulation in practice. Retrieved from Data&Society website: https:\/\/datasociety. net\/output\/source-hacking-media-manipulation-in-practice (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"J. Doubek. 2017. Conspiracy Theorist Alex Jones Apologizes For Promoting \"Pizzagate.\". https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/ thetwo-way\/2017\/03\/26\/521545788\/conspiracy-theorist-alex-jones-apologizes-for-promoting-pizzagate  J. Doubek. 2017. Conspiracy Theorist Alex Jones Apologizes For Promoting \"Pizzagate.\". https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/ thetwo-way\/2017\/03\/26\/521545788\/conspiracy-theorist-alex-jones-apologizes-for-promoting-pizzagate"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/633292.633362"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3273111"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","unstructured":"Sheera Frenkel. 2018. Facebook Tackles Rising Threat: Americans Aping Russian Schemes to Deceive. https: \/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/10\/11\/technology\/fake-news-online-disinformation.html  Sheera Frenkel. 2018. Facebook Tackles Rising Threat: Americans Aping Russian Schemes to Deceive. https: \/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/10\/11\/technology\/fake-news-online-disinformation.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.","volume":"4","author":"Friedman Batya","year":"1996","unstructured":"Batya Friedman . 1996 . Value-sensitive design. interactions 3, 6 (1996), 16--23 . Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. , Vol. 4 , No. CSCW2, Article 133. Publication date : October 2020. On the Misinformation Beat: Understanding the Work of Investigative Journalists Reporting on Problematic Information Online 133:21 Batya Friedman. 1996. Value-sensitive design. interactions 3, 6 (1996), 16--23. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact., Vol. 4, No. CSCW2, Article 133. Publication date: October 2020. On the Misinformation Beat: Understanding the Work of Investigative Journalists Reporting on Problematic Information Online 133:21"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444809342738"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","first-page":"198","article-title":"Platforms are not intermediaries","volume":"2","author":"Gillespie Tarleton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tarleton Gillespie . 2018 . Platforms are not intermediaries . Georgetown Law Technology Review 2 , 2 (2018), 198 -- 216 . Tarleton Gillespie. 2018. Platforms are not intermediaries. Georgetown Law Technology Review 2, 2 (2018), 198--216.","journal-title":"Georgetown Law Technology Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ncr.62"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"A.(1967). The discovery of grounded theory","author":"Glaser Barney","year":"1967","unstructured":"Barney Glaser . 1967. 8 : Strauss , A.(1967). The discovery of grounded theory . Alsine de Gruyter , New york ( 1967 ). Barney Glaser. 1967. 8: Strauss, A.(1967). The discovery of grounded theory. Alsine de Gruyter, New york (1967)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"Deciding what's true: The rise of political fact-checking in American journalism","author":"Graves Lucas","unstructured":"Lucas Graves . 2016. Deciding what's true: The rise of political fact-checking in American journalism . Columbia University Press . Lucas Graves. 2016. Deciding what's true: The rise of political fact-checking in American journalism. Columbia University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","volume-title":"newspapers have shed half of their newsroom employees since","author":"Grieco Elizabeth","year":"2008","unstructured":"Elizabeth Grieco . 2020. U. S. newspapers have shed half of their newsroom employees since 2008 . https:\/\/www. pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2020\/04\/20\/u-s-newsroom-employment-has-dropped-by-a-quarter-since-2008\/ Elizabeth Grieco. 2020. U.S. newspapers have shed half of their newsroom employees since 2008. https:\/\/www. pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2020\/04\/20\/u-s-newsroom-employment-has-dropped-by-a-quarter-since-2008\/"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_54_1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joshua Guberman Carol Schmitz and Libby Hemphill. 2016. Quantifying Toxicity and Verbal Violence on Twitter. (2016) 277 -- 280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2818052.2869107 10.1145\/2818052.2869107","DOI":"10.1145\/2818052.2869107"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_54_1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joshua Guberman Carol Schmitz and Libby Hemphill. 2016. Quantifying Toxicity and Verbal Violence on Twitter. (2016) 277 -- 280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2818052.2869107","DOI":"10.1145\/2818052.2869107"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field methods 18, 1","author":"Guest Greg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Greg Guest , Arwen Bunce , and Laura Johnson . 2006. How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field methods 18, 1 ( 2006 ), 59--82. Greg Guest, Arwen Bunce, and Laura Johnson. 2006. How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field methods 18, 1 (2006), 59--82."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14616700118449"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hcre.12092"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17512781003640703"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","volume-title":"Lexicon of lies: Terms for problematic information","author":"Jack Caroline","year":"2017","unstructured":"Caroline Jack . 2017. Lexicon of lies: Terms for problematic information . Data & Society 3 ( 2017 ). Caroline Jack. 2017. Lexicon of lies: Terms for problematic information. Data & Society 3 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3274351"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.12.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3134696"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","unstructured":"Rachael Krishna. 2018. TikTok Creators Say They Are Being Bullied And The Company Isn't Helping. https: \/\/www.buzzfeednews.com\/article\/krishrach\/tik-tok-users-bullying-abuse-complaints  Rachael Krishna. 2018. TikTok Creators Say They Are Being Bullied And The Company Isn't Helping. https: \/\/www.buzzfeednews.com\/article\/krishrach\/tik-tok-users-bullying-abuse-complaints"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17512786.2019.1617043"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","unstructured":"Jane Lytvynenko Ryan Broderick and Craig Silverman. 2020. These Are The Fake Experts Pushing Pseudoscience And Conspiracy Theories About The Coronavirus Pandemic. https:\/\/www.buzzfeednews.com\/article\/janelytvynenko\/ coronavirus-spin-doctors  Jane Lytvynenko Ryan Broderick and Craig Silverman. 2020. These Are The Fake Experts Pushing Pseudoscience And Conspiracy Theories About The Coronavirus Pandemic. https:\/\/www.buzzfeednews.com\/article\/janelytvynenko\/ coronavirus-spin-doctors"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","unstructured":"Jane Lytvynenko and Craig Silverman. 2020. We're Keeping A Running List Of Hoaxes And Misleading Posts About The Nationwide Police Brutality Protests. https:\/\/www.buzzfeednews.com\/article\/janelytvynenko\/hoax-misleadingclaims- george-floyd-protests  Jane Lytvynenko and Craig Silverman. 2020. We're Keeping A Running List Of Hoaxes And Misleading Posts About The Nationwide Police Brutality Protests. https:\/\/www.buzzfeednews.com\/article\/janelytvynenko\/hoax-misleadingclaims- george-floyd-protests"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"Media manipulation and disinformation online","author":"Marwick Alice","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alice Marwick and Rebecca Lewis . 2017. Media manipulation and disinformation online . New York : Data Society Research Institute ( 2017 ). Alice Marwick and Rebecca Lewis. 2017. Media manipulation and disinformation online. New York: Data Society Research Institute (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","unstructured":"Hana Matatov Adina Bechhofer Lora Aroyo Ofra Amir and Mor Naaman. [n.d.]. DejaVu: A System for Journalists to Collaboratively Address Visual Misinformation. ([n. d.]).  Hana Matatov Adina Bechhofer Lora Aroyo Ofra Amir and Mor Naaman. [n.d.]. DejaVu: A System for Journalists to Collaboratively Address Visual Misinformation. ([n. d.])."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","unstructured":"Min-Che Ho and Tsai-Yen Li. 2005. An experimental news production system with flexible role-based access control. (2005) 287--291.  Min-Che Ho and Tsai-Yen Li. 2005. An experimental news production system with flexible role-based access control. (2005) 287--291."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","volume-title":"State of news media","author":"Mitchell Amy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Amy Mitchell . 2016. State of news media 2016 . Pew Research Center . Amy Mitchell. 2016. State of news media 2016. Pew Research Center."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","volume-title":"Report on the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election","author":"Mueller Robert S","unstructured":"Robert S Mueller and Man With A. Cat . 2019. Report on the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election . Vol. 1 . US Department of Justice Washington , DC. Robert S Mueller and Man With A. Cat. 2019. Report on the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election. Vol. 1. US Department of Justice Washington, DC."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16522354.2018.1527521"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","unstructured":"Alex Pasternack. 2019. Frustrated funders exit Facebook's election transparency project. https:\/\/www.fastcompany. com\/90412518\/facebooks-plan-for-radical-transparency-was-too-radical%22  Alex Pasternack. 2019. Frustrated funders exit Facebook's election transparency project. https:\/\/www.fastcompany. com\/90412518\/facebooks-plan-for-radical-transparency-was-too-radical%22"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","volume-title":"The oxygen of amplification","author":"Phillips Whitney","year":"2018","unstructured":"Whitney Phillips . 2018. The oxygen of amplification . Data & Society ( 2018 ). Whitney Phillips. 2018. The oxygen of amplification. Data & Society (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","volume-title":"The menace of unreality: How the Kremlin weaponizes information, culture and money","author":"Pomerantsev Peter","unstructured":"Peter Pomerantsev and Michael Weiss . 2014. The menace of unreality: How the Kremlin weaponizes information, culture and money . Vol. 14 . Institute of Modern Russia New York . Peter Pomerantsev and Michael Weiss. 2014. The menace of unreality: How the Kremlin weaponizes information, culture and money. Vol. 14. Institute of Modern Russia New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2017.32"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","volume-title":"Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.","volume":"4","author":"Robertson Ronald E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ronald E Robertson and Christo Wilson . 2020 . WebSearcher: Tools for Auditing Web Search. (2020) . Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. , Vol. 4 , No. CSCW2, Article 133. Publication date : October 2020. 133:22 Melinda McClure Haughey et al. Ronald E Robertson and Christo Wilson. 2020. WebSearcher: Tools for Auditing Web Search. (2020). Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact., Vol. 4, No. CSCW2, Article 133. Publication date: October 2020. 133:22 Melinda McClure Haughey et al."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","unstructured":"Kevin Roose. 2018. We Asked for Examples of Election Misinformation. You Delivered. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/ 2018\/11\/04\/us\/politics\/election-misinformation-facebook.html  Kevin Roose. 2018. We Asked for Examples of Election Misinformation. You Delivered. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/ 2018\/11\/04\/us\/politics\/election-misinformation-facebook.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dana Rotman Jennifer Preece Yurong He and Allison Druin. 2012. Extreme ethnography: challenges for research in large scale online environments. (2012) 207--214.  Dana Rotman Jennifer Preece Yurong He and Allison Druin. 2012. Extreme ethnography: challenges for research in large scale online environments. (2012) 207--214.","DOI":"10.1145\/2132176.2132203"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","unstructured":"Elise Samuels. 2020. How misinformation on WhatsApp led to a mob killing in India. https:\/\/www.washingtonpost. com\/politics\/2020\/02\/21\/how-misinformation-whatsapp-led-deathly-mob-lynching-india\/  Elise Samuels. 2020. How misinformation on WhatsApp led to a mob killing in India. https:\/\/www.washingtonpost. com\/politics\/2020\/02\/21\/how-misinformation-whatsapp-led-deathly-mob-lynching-india\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","unstructured":"Elyse Samuels and Meg Kelly. 2020. How false hope spread about hydroxychloroquine to treat covid-19 ? and the consequences that followed. https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/politics\/2020\/04\/13\/how-false-hope-spread-abouthydroxychloroquine- its-consequences\/  Elyse Samuels and Meg Kelly. 2020. How false hope spread about hydroxychloroquine to treat covid-19 ? and the consequences that followed. https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/politics\/2020\/04\/13\/how-false-hope-spread-abouthydroxychloroquine- its-consequences\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","volume-title":"The fake Americans Russia created to influence the election. The New York Times 7, 09","author":"Shane Scott","year":"2017","unstructured":"Scott Shane . 2017. The fake Americans Russia created to influence the election. The New York Times 7, 09 ( 2017 ). Scott Shane. 2017. The fake Americans Russia created to influence the election. The New York Times 7, 09 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","unstructured":"Elisa Shearer. 2018. Social media outpaces print newspapers in the U.S. as a news source. https:\/\/www.pewresearch. org\/fact-tank\/2018\/12\/10\/social-media-outpaces-print-newspapers-in-the-u-s-as-a-news-source\/  Elisa Shearer. 2018. Social media outpaces print newspapers in the U.S. as a news source. https:\/\/www.pewresearch. org\/fact-tank\/2018\/12\/10\/social-media-outpaces-print-newspapers-in-the-u-s-as-a-news-source\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","unstructured":"Craig Silverman. 2016. Hyperpartisan Facebook Pages Are Publishing False And Misleading Information At An Alarming Rate. https:\/\/www.buzzfeednews.com\/article\/craigsilverman\/partisan-fb-pages-analysis#.iudGgWZ1Zv  Craig Silverman. 2016. Hyperpartisan Facebook Pages Are Publishing False And Misleading Information At An Alarming Rate. https:\/\/www.buzzfeednews.com\/article\/craigsilverman\/partisan-fb-pages-analysis#.iudGgWZ1Zv"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359229"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359229"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","unstructured":"M. Sullivan. 2020. Journalists can't ignore hacked data meant to disrupt elections. https:\/\/www.washingtonpost. com\/lifestyle\/style\/journalists-cant-ignore-hacked-data-meant-to-disrupt-elections-but-heres-what-they-cando\/ 2019\/04\/26\/4ff6a0fa-6785--11e9-a1b6-b29b90efa879_story.html  M. Sullivan. 2020. Journalists can't ignore hacked data meant to disrupt elections. https:\/\/www.washingtonpost. com\/lifestyle\/style\/journalists-cant-ignore-hacked-data-meant-to-disrupt-elections-but-heres-what-they-cando\/ 2019\/04\/26\/4ff6a0fa-6785--11e9-a1b6-b29b90efa879_story.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","unstructured":"Adam Tornes. 2020. Enabling study of the public conversation in a time of crisis. https:\/\/blog.twitter.com\/developer\/ en_us\/topics\/tools\/2020\/covid19_public_conversation_data.html  Adam Tornes. 2020. Enabling study of the public conversation in a time of crisis. https:\/\/blog.twitter.com\/developer\/ en_us\/topics\/tools\/2020\/covid19_public_conversation_data.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359209"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_90_1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jessica Vitak Kalyani Chadha Linda Steiner and Zahra Ashktorab. 2017. Identifying Women's Experiences With and Strategies for Mitigating Negative Effects of Online Harassment. (2017) 15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2998181.2998337 10.1145\/2998181.2998337","DOI":"10.1145\/2998181.2998337"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_90_1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jessica Vitak Kalyani Chadha Linda Steiner and Zahra Ashktorab. 2017. Identifying Women's Experiences With and Strategies for Mitigating Negative Effects of Online Harassment. (2017) 15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2998181.2998337","DOI":"10.1145\/2998181.2998337"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","volume-title":"The spread of true and false news online. Science 359, 6380","author":"Vosoughi Soroush","year":"2018","unstructured":"Soroush Vosoughi , Deb Roy , and Sinan Aral . 2018. The spread of true and false news online. Science 359, 6380 ( 2018 ), 1146--1151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aap9559 arXiv:https:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/359\/6380\/1146.full.pdf 10.1126\/science.aap9559 Soroush Vosoughi, Deb Roy, and Sinan Aral. 2018. The spread of true and false news online. Science 359, 6380 (2018), 1146--1151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aap9559 arXiv:https:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/359\/6380\/1146.full.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","unstructured":"Claire Wardle. 2019. Misinformation Has Created a New World Disorder. https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/ misinformation-has-created-a-new-world-disorder\/  Claire Wardle. 2019. Misinformation Has Created a New World Disorder. https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/ misinformation-has-created-a-new-world-disorder\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","unstructured":"Charlie Warzel. 2019. Epstein Suicide Conspiracies Show How Our Information System Is Poisoned. https:\/\/www. nytimes.com\/2019\/08\/11\/opinion\/jeffrey-epstein-suicide-conspiracies.html  Charlie Warzel. 2019. Epstein Suicide Conspiracies Show How Our Information System Is Poisoned. https:\/\/www. nytimes.com\/2019\/08\/11\/opinion\/jeffrey-epstein-suicide-conspiracies.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_1","unstructured":"EA Watkins and CW Anderson. [n.d.]. Managing Journalistic Innovation and Source Security in the Age of the Weaponized Internet. I A. Bygd\u00e5s S. Clegg & AL Hagen (Red.). Media management and Digital transformation ([n. d.]).  EA Watkins and CW Anderson. [n.d.]. Managing Journalistic Innovation and Source Security in the Age of the Weaponized Internet. I A. Bygd\u00e5s S. Clegg & AL Hagen (Red.). Media management and Digital transformation ([n. d.])."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_95_1","volume-title":"Open-ended interview questions and saturation. PloS one 13, 6","author":"Weller Susan C","year":"2018","unstructured":"Susan C Weller , Ben Vickers , H Russell Bernard , Alyssa M Blackburn , Stephen Borgatti , Clarence C Gravlee , and Jeffrey C Johnson . 2018. Open-ended interview questions and saturation. PloS one 13, 6 ( 2018 ). Susan C Weller, Ben Vickers, H Russell Bernard, Alyssa M Blackburn, Stephen Borgatti, Clarence C Gravlee, and Jeffrey C Johnson. 2018. Open-ended interview questions and saturation. PloS one 13, 6 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_96_1","unstructured":"Brandy Zadronzny and Ben Collins. 2018. How three conspiracy theorists took 'Q' and sparked Qanon. https: \/\/www.nbcnews.com\/tech\/tech-news\/how-three-conspiracy-theorists-took-q-sparked-qanon-n900531  Brandy Zadronzny and Ben Collins. 2018. How three conspiracy theorists took 'Q' and sparked Qanon. https: \/\/www.nbcnews.com\/tech\/tech-news\/how-three-conspiracy-theorists-took-q-sparked-qanon-n900531"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_97_1","unstructured":"Brandy Zadrozny. 2019. Twitter account that amplified Covington Catholic D.C. march video appears linked to California teacher. https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/news\/us-news\/twitter-account-amplified-covington-catholic-d-cmarch- video-appears-n961981  Brandy Zadrozny. 2019. Twitter account that amplified Covington Catholic D.C. march video appears linked to California teacher. https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/news\/us-news\/twitter-account-amplified-covington-catholic-d-cmarch- video-appears-n961981"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3415204","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3415204","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3415204","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T22:03:11Z","timestamp":1750197791000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3415204"}},"subtitle":["Understanding the Work of Investigative Journalists Reporting on Problematic Information Online"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"CSCW2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3415204"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3415204","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-10-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}