{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T23:59:58Z","timestamp":1769558398353,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"CSCW2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Initially conceived as problem-focused programming events, hackathons have expanded to encompass a range of issue areas, stakeholders and activities. There have been important critiques of hackathons in relation to their format and structure, their epistemological assumptions, and their outputs and impacts. Scholars working in Feminist HCI have proposed design considerations for more inclusive hackathons that focus on social justice outcomes for marginalized groups. Evaluative work on hackathons has assessed entrepreneurial contributions, skill development, and affective impacts, but largely absent from the analysis is a view of long-term personal impacts on participants. What kinds of lasting impacts (if any) do issue-focused hackathons have on participants themselves? In this paper, we describe a post-hoc qualitative study with participants and organizers of a postpartum health hackathon in the U.S., one year after the event took place. Our goals were to understand people's motivations for participating, what impact (if any) their participation had on their lives, and how (if at all) their participation shaped how they now understand postpartum health. Our findings indicate that the hackathon functioned as a space of \"feminist consciousness raising\" in that it provided space for navigating and sharing personal experiences, contextualizing and connecting those experiences to structural oppression, and developing participants' self- and collective-efficacy to create design interventions and enact social change. Feminist consciousness raising is not just \"awareness-raising\", but rather a specific historic and contemporary practice which we describe and situate in relation to personal experiences of oppression around stigmatized topics. With these findings, we situate feminist consciousness raising in relation to the literature on hackathons and feminist HCI, speculate which aspects of the design of the event led to it fostering feminist consciousness raising, and generate recommendations for how to intentionally bring feminist consciousness raising to the design of hackathons and innovation events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3415221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T22:27:49Z","timestamp":1602800869000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["\"The Personal is Political\""],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Catherine","family":"D'Ignazio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Michelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Hope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"}]},{"given":"Josephine","family":"Hoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Versed Education Group, Washington, DC, USA"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Krontiris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Freetown, Sierra Leone"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Reality virtually hackathon 2020.  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In Extended Abstracts of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2018), CHI EA '18, Association for Computing Machinery, p. 1--10."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"459","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2016), CHI EA '16, Association for Computing Machinery","author":"Ahmed N.","unstructured":"Ahmed , N. Discussing about sexual harassment (breaking silence): The role of technology . In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2016), CHI EA '16, Association for Computing Machinery , p. 459 -- 472 . Ahmed, N. Discussing about sexual harassment (breaking silence): The role of technology. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2016), CHI EA '16, Association for Computing Machinery, p. 459--472."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/9780822373377"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"2599","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2016), CHI '16, Association for Computing Machinery","author":"Almeida T.","unstructured":"Almeida , T. , Comber , R. , and Balaam , M . Hci and intimate care as an agenda for change in women's health . In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2016), CHI '16, Association for Computing Machinery , p. 2599 -- 2611 . Almeida, T., Comber, R., and Balaam, M. Hci and intimate care as an agenda for change in women's health. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2016), CHI '16, Association for Computing Machinery, p. 2599--2611."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2019), CHI '19, Association for Computing Machinery","author":"Andalibi N.","unstructured":"Andalibi , N. What happens after disclosing stigmatized experiences on identified social media: Individual, dyadic, and social\/network outcomes . In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2019), CHI '19, Association for Computing Machinery , p. 1 -- 15 . Andalibi, N. What happens after disclosing stigmatized experiences on identified social media: Individual, dyadic, and social\/network outcomes. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2019), CHI '19, Association for Computing Machinery, p. 1--15."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2018), CHI '18, Association for Computing Machinery","author":"Andalibi N.","unstructured":"Andalibi , N. , and Forte , A . Announcing pregnancy loss on facebook: A decision-making framework for stigmatized disclosures on identified social network sites . In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2018), CHI '18, Association for Computing Machinery , p. 1 -- 14 . Andalibi, N., and Forte, A. Announcing pregnancy loss on facebook: A decision-making framework for stigmatized disclosures on identified social network sites. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2018), CHI '18, Association for Computing Machinery, p. 1--14."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"3906","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2016), CHI '16, Association for Computing Machinery","author":"Andalibi N.","unstructured":"Andalibi , N. , Haimson , O. L. , De Choudhury , M. , and Forte , A . Understanding social media disclosures of sexual abuse through the lenses of support seeking and anonymity . In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2016), CHI '16, Association for Computing Machinery , p. 3906 -- 3918 . Andalibi, N., Haimson, O. L., De Choudhury, M., and Forte, A. Understanding social media disclosures of sexual abuse through the lenses of support seeking and anonymity. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2016), CHI '16, Association for Computing Machinery, p. 3906--3918."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359190"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Association B. M. B. The detroit birth and breastfeeding hackathon.  Association B. M. B. The detroit birth and breastfeeding hackathon."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"2233","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2016), CHI '16, Association for Computing Machinery","author":"Avle S.","unstructured":"Avle , S. , and Lindtner , S . Design(ing) 'here' and 'there': Tech entrepreneurs, global markets, and reflexivity in design processes . In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2016), CHI '16, Association for Computing Machinery , p. 2233 -- 2245 . Avle, S., and Lindtner, S. Design(ing) 'here' and 'there': Tech entrepreneurs, global markets, and reflexivity in design processes. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2016), CHI '16, Association for Computing Machinery, p. 2233--2245."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"1709","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2015), CHI '15, Association for Computing Machinery","author":"Balaam M.","unstructured":"Balaam , M. , Comber , R. , Jenkins , E. , Sutton , S. , and Garbett , A . Feedfinder: A location-mapping mobile application for breastfeeding women . In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2015), CHI '15, Association for Computing Machinery , p. 1709 -- 1718 . Balaam, M., Comber, R., Jenkins, E., Sutton, S., and Garbett, A. Feedfinder: A location-mapping mobile application for breastfeeding women. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2015), CHI '15, Association for Computing Machinery, p. 1709--1718."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"476","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2017), CHI EA '17, Association for Computing Machinery","author":"Balaam M.","unstructured":"Balaam , M. , Hansen , L. K. , D'Ignazio , C. , Simpson , E. , Almeida , T. , Kuznetsov , S. , Catt , M. , and S\u00f8ndergaard , M. L. J. Hacking women's health . In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2017), CHI EA '17, Association for Computing Machinery , p. 476 -- 483 . Balaam, M., Hansen, L. K., D'Ignazio, C., Simpson, E., Almeida, T., Kuznetsov, S., Catt, M., and S\u00f8ndergaard, M. L. J. Hacking women's health. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2017), CHI EA '17, Association for Computing Machinery, p. 476--483."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2468356.2479650"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2019), CHI '19, Association for Computing Machinery","author":"Bardzell J.","unstructured":"Bardzell , J. , Bardzell , S. , Lazar , A. , and Su , N. M . (re-)framing menopause experiences for hci and design . In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2019), CHI '19, Association for Computing Machinery , p. 1 -- 13 . Bardzell, J., Bardzell, S., Lazar, A., and Su, N. M. (re-)framing menopause experiences for hci and design. 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Bellini, R., Strohmayer, A., Olivier, P., and Crivellaro, C. Mapping the margins: Navigating the ecologies of domestic violence service provision. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2019), CHI '19, Association for Computing Machinery, p. 1--13."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"146","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2017), CHI '17, Association for Computing Machinery","author":"Birbeck N.","unstructured":"Birbeck , N. , Lawson , S. , Morrissey , K. , Rapley , T. , and Olivier , P . Self harmony: Rethinking hackathons to design and critique digital technologies for those affected by self-harm . In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2017), CHI '17, Association for Computing Machinery , p. 146 -- 157 . Birbeck, N., Lawson, S., Morrissey, K., Rapley, T., and Olivier, P. Self harmony: Rethinking hackathons to design and critique digital technologies for those affected by self-harm. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA, 2017), CHI '17, Association for Computing Machinery, p. 146--157."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Emergent strategy","author":"Brown A. M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brown , A. M. Emergent strategy . AK Press , 2017 . Brown, A. M. Emergent strategy. AK Press, 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Negotiating the insider\/outsider status: Black feminist ethnography and legislative studies","volume":"3","author":"Brown N. E","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brown , N. E . Negotiating the insider\/outsider status: Black feminist ethnography and legislative studies . Journal of Feminist Scholarship 3 , 1 ( 2012 ), 19--34. Brown, N. E. Negotiating the insider\/outsider status: Black feminist ethnography and legislative studies. 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