{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:26:20Z","timestamp":1750220780942,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]],"date-time":"2021-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM\/IMS Trans. Data Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this article, we investigate empty vehicle redistribution algorithms with time windows for personal rapid transit or autonomous station-based taxi services, from a passenger service perspective. We present an Index Based Redistribution Time Limited algorithm that improves upon existing algorithms by incorporating expected passenger arrivals and predicted waiting times limitations. We evaluate 17 variations of algorithms on a test case in Stockholm, Sweden. The results show that the combination of Send The Nearest and Index Based Redistribution Time Limited algorithms provides promising results for both Poisson arrivals and real demand, outperforming the other tested methods, in terms of passenger waiting time and number of passengers not served within their time windows.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3416915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]],"date-time":"2021-01-03T17:06:42Z","timestamp":1609693602000},"page":"1-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Empty Vehicle Redistribution with Time Windows in Autonomous Taxi Systems"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6439-6409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana","family":"Babicheva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VEDECOM and DAVID, Universit\u00e9 de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France"}]},{"given":"Matej","family":"Cebecauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Barth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DAVID, Universit\u00e9 de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France"}]},{"given":"Wilco","family":"Burghout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VEDECOM and KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Le\u00efla","family":"Kloul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DAVID, Universit\u00e9 de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3141\/1838-05","article-title":"Reallocation of empty personal rapid transit vehicles en route","volume":"1838","author":"Andr\u00e9asson Ingmar","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ingmar Andr\u00e9asson . 2003 . Reallocation of empty personal rapid transit vehicles en route . Transportation Research Record 1838 (2003), 36 -- 41 . Ingmar Andr\u00e9asson. 2003. Reallocation of empty personal rapid transit vehicles en route. Transportation Research Record 1838 (2003), 36--41.","journal-title":"Transportation Research Record"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-its.2018.5260","article-title":"Empty vehicle redistribution and fleet-size in autonomous taxi systems","volume":"13","author":"Babicheva Tatiana","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tatiana Babicheva , Wilco Burghout , Ingmar Andr\u00e9asson , and Nadege Faul . 2018 . Empty vehicle redistribution and fleet-size in autonomous taxi systems . IET Intelligent Transport Systems 13 , 4 (2018), 677 -- 682 . Tatiana Babicheva, Wilco Burghout, Ingmar Andr\u00e9asson, and Nadege Faul. 2018. Empty vehicle redistribution and fleet-size in autonomous taxi systems. IET Intelligent Transport Systems 13, 4 (2018), 677--682.","journal-title":"IET Intelligent Transport Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.04.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.04.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2228949"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Transportation and Traffic Theory: Flow, Dynamics, and Human Interaction. 629--648","author":"Bell Michael G. H.","key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Michael G. H. Bell and K. I. Wong . 2005. A rolling horizon approach to the optimal dispatching of taxis . In Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Transportation and Traffic Theory: Flow, Dynamics, and Human Interaction. 629--648 . Michael G. H. Bell and K. I. Wong. 2005. A rolling horizon approach to the optimal dispatching of taxis. In Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Transportation and Traffic Theory: Flow, Dynamics, and Human Interaction. 629--648."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2013.10.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177704267"},{"volume-title":"A Note on the Number of Replication Runs in Stochastic Traffic Simulation Models. Unpublished Report","author":"Burghout Wilco","key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Wilco Burghout . 2004. A Note on the Number of Replication Runs in Stochastic Traffic Simulation Models. Unpublished Report . Centre for Traffic Research , Stockholm, Sweden . Wilco Burghout. 2004. A Note on the Number of Replication Runs in Stochastic Traffic Simulation Models. Unpublished Report. Centre for Traffic Research, Stockholm, Sweden."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 94th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board.","author":"Burghout Wilco","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wilco Burghout , Pierre Jean Rigole , and Ingmar Andr\u00e9asson . 2015 . Impacts of shared autonomous taxis in a metropolitan area . In Proceedings of the 94th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board. Wilco Burghout, Pierre Jean Rigole, and Ingmar Andr\u00e9asson. 2015. Impacts of shared autonomous taxis in a metropolitan area. In Proceedings of the 94th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board."},{"volume-title":"Traffic and Granular Flow \u201907","author":"Chiabaut Nicolas","key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Nicolas Chiabaut and Christine Buisson . 2009. Replications in stochastic traffic flow models: Incremental method to determine sufficient number of runs . In Traffic and Granular Flow \u201907 . Springer , 35--44. Nicolas Chiabaut and Christine Buisson. 2009. Replications in stochastic traffic flow models: Incremental method to determine sufficient number of runs. In Traffic and Granular Flow \u201907. Springer, 35--44."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2230320"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/133793.133804"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9485.1972.tb00504.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-016-9729-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Dealing with the empty vehicle movements in personal rapid transit system with batteries constraints in a dynamic context. Journal of Advanced Transportation 2017","author":"Fatnassi Ezzeddine","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ezzeddine Fatnassi , Olfa Chebbi , and Jouhaina Chaouachi . 2017. Dealing with the empty vehicle movements in personal rapid transit system with batteries constraints in a dynamic context. Journal of Advanced Transportation 2017 ( 2017 ), Article 8512728. Ezzeddine Fatnassi, Olfa Chebbi, and Jouhaina Chaouachi. 2017. Dealing with the empty vehicle movements in personal rapid transit system with batteries constraints in a dynamic context. Journal of Advanced Transportation 2017 (2017), Article 8512728."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2006.11.002","article-title":"Grid-connected vehicles as the core of future land-based transport systems","volume":"35","author":"Gilbert Richard","year":"2007","unstructured":"Richard Gilbert and Anthony Perl . 2007 . Grid-connected vehicles as the core of future land-based transport systems . Energy Policy 35 , 5 (2007), 3053 -- 3060 . Richard Gilbert and Anthony Perl. 2007. Grid-connected vehicles as the core of future land-based transport systems. Energy Policy 35, 5 (2007), 3053--3060.","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 42nd European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC\u201916)","author":"Guan Kyle","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kyle Guan , Joseph Kakande , and Junho Cho . 2016 . On deploying encryption solutions to provide secure transport-as-a-service (TaaS) in core and metro networks . In Proceedings of the 42nd European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC\u201916) . 1--3. Kyle Guan, Joseph Kakande, and Junho Cho. 2016. On deploying encryption solutions to provide secure transport-as-a-service (TaaS) in core and metro networks. In Proceedings of the 42nd European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC\u201916). 1--3."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"285","article-title":"Anomalies in the value of travel-time changes","volume":"35","author":"Hultkrantz Lars","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lars Hultkrantz and Reza Mortazavi . 2001 . Anomalies in the value of travel-time changes . Journal of Transport Economics and Policy 35 , 2 (2001), 285 -- 299 . Lars Hultkrantz and Reza Mortazavi. 2001. Anomalies in the value of travel-time changes. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy 35, 2 (2001), 285--299.","journal-title":"Journal of Transport Economics and Policy"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"363","article-title":"Allocation and valuation of travel time savings","volume":"2","author":"Jara-D\u00edaz Sergio R.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sergio R. Jara-D\u00edaz . 2008 . Allocation and valuation of travel time savings . Handbook of Transport Modelling 2 (2008), 363 -- 379 . Sergio R. Jara-D\u00edaz. 2008. Allocation and valuation of travel time savings. Handbook of Transport Modelling 2 (2008), 363--379.","journal-title":"Handbook of Transport Modelling"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"A deep reinforcement learning-enabled dynamic redeployment system for mobile ambulances. In Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive","volume":"3","author":"Ji Shenggong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shenggong Ji . 2019 . A deep reinforcement learning-enabled dynamic redeployment system for mobile ambulances. In Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive , Mobile, Wearable, and Ubiquitous Technologies , Vol. 3 . 1 (2019), 15 . ACM, New York, NY. Shenggong Ji. 2019. A deep reinforcement learning-enabled dynamic redeployment system for mobile ambulances. In Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable, and Ubiquitous Technologies, Vol. 3.1 (2019), 15. ACM, New York, NY.","journal-title":"Mobile, Wearable, and Ubiquitous Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198106198600111"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-013-1492-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3292500.3330968"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium of Transport Simulation and the International Workshop on Traffic Data Collection and Its Standardisation.","author":"Thaithatkul Phathinan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Phathinan Thaithatkul , Toru Seo , Takahiko Kusakabe , and Yasuo Asakura . 2016 . Simulation approach for investigating dynamics of passenger matching problem in smart ridesharing system . In Proceedings of the International Symposium of Transport Simulation and the International Workshop on Traffic Data Collection and Its Standardisation. Phathinan Thaithatkul, Toru Seo, Takahiko Kusakabe, and Yasuo Asakura. 2016. Simulation approach for investigating dynamics of passenger matching problem in smart ridesharing system. In Proceedings of the International Symposium of Transport Simulation and the International Workshop on Traffic Data Collection and Its Standardisation."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","first-page":"243","article-title":"The value of travel time savings and the link with income: Implications for public project evaluation","volume":"21","author":"Waters William G.","year":"1994","unstructured":"William G. Waters . 1994 . The value of travel time savings and the link with income: Implications for public project evaluation . International Journal of Transport Economics 21 , 3 (1994), 243 -- 253 . William G. Waters. 1994. The value of travel time savings and the link with income: Implications for public project evaluation. International Journal of Transport Economics 21, 3 (1994), 243--253.","journal-title":"International Journal of Transport Economics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Competition and Ownership in Land Passenger Transport.","author":"Wong Yale Z.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yale Z. Wong , David A. Hensher , and Corinne Mulley . 2017 . Emerging transport technologies and the modal efficiency framework: A case for mobility as a service (MaaS) . In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Competition and Ownership in Land Passenger Transport. Yale Z. Wong, David A. Hensher, and Corinne Mulley. 2017. Emerging transport technologies and the modal efficiency framework: A case for mobility as a service (MaaS). In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Competition and Ownership in Land Passenger Transport."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3219819.3219824"}],"container-title":["ACM\/IMS Transactions on Data Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3416915","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3416915","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T22:41:30Z","timestamp":1750200090000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3416915"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3416915"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3416915","relation":{},"ISSN":["2691-1922"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2691-1922"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-06-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-08-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}