{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T04:06:39Z","timestamp":1767585999932,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ontario Early Researcher Award","award":["ER16-12-184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ER16-12-184"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018-05187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-05187"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001805","name":"Canada Foundation for Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["33151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["33151"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001805","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Rehearsal-based interfaces are designed to encourage a transition from novice to expert, but many users fail to make this transition. Most of these interfaces activate novice mode after a short delay, between 150 and 500 ms. We investigate the impact of delay time on expert usage and learning in three crowdsourced experiments. The first experiment examines an 8-item marking menu with delay times from 200 ms to 2\u00a0s. Results show longer delays increase successful expert selections. The second and third experiments generalise this result to a different rehearsal-based menu, a desktop clone of FastTap with 8 items and 15 items. Together, our results show that expert use correlates positively with increased delay time, but can increase errors since users are less risk averse. We also find imperceptible delays of 200 ms can harm long-term retention of menu items. Designers should consider longer delays in rehearsal-based interfaces to encourage a transition to expert usage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3418196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]],"date-time":"2020-11-26T19:37:30Z","timestamp":1606419450000},"page":"1-41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Longer Delays in Rehearsal-based Interfaces Increase Expert Use"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Blaine","family":"Lewis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI\u201913)","author":"Anderson Fraser","key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Fraser Anderson and Walter F. Bischof . 2013. Learning and performance with gesture guides . In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI\u201913) . ACM, New York, NY, 1109--1118. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2470654.2466143 10.1145\/2470654.2466143 Fraser Anderson and Walter F. Bischof. 2013. Learning and performance with gesture guides. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI\u201913). ACM, New York, NY, 1109--1118. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2470654.2466143"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA\u201910)","author":"Back Jonathan","key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Jonathan Back , Duncan P. Brumby , and Anna L. Cox . 2010. Locked-out: Investigating the effectiveness of system lockouts to reduce errors in routine tasks . In Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA\u201910) . ACM, New York, NY, 3775--3780. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1753846.1754054 10.1145\/1753846.1754054 Jonathan Back, Duncan P. Brumby, and Anna L. Cox. 2010. Locked-out: Investigating the effectiveness of system lockouts to reduce errors in routine tasks. In Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA\u201910). ACM, New York, NY, 3775--3780. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1753846.1754054"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Wave Menus: Improving the Novice Mode of Hierarchical Marking Menus","author":"Bailly Gilles","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gilles Bailly , Eric Lecolinet , and Laurence Nigay . 2007 . Wave Menus: Improving the Novice Mode of Hierarchical Marking Menus . Springer , Berlin . 475--488. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-74796-3_45 10.1007\/978-3-540-74796-3_45 Gilles Bailly, Eric Lecolinet, and Laurence Nigay. 2007. Wave Menus: Improving the Novice Mode of Hierarchical Marking Menus. Springer, Berlin. 475--488. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-74796-3_45"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1385569.1385575"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03192707"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21st Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST\u201908)","author":"Bau Olivier","key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Olivier Bau and Wendy E. Mackay . 2008. OctoPocus: A dynamic guide for learning gesture-based command sets . In Proceedings of the 21st Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST\u201908) . ACM, New York, NY, 37--46. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1449715.1449724 10.1145\/1449715.1449724 Olivier Bau and Wendy E. Mackay. 2008. OctoPocus: A dynamic guide for learning gesture-based command sets. In Proceedings of the 21st Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST\u201908). ACM, New York, NY, 37--46. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1449715.1449724"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IFIP TC13 3rd International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (INTERACT\u201990)","author":"Buxton William","year":"1990","unstructured":"William Buxton . 1990 . A three-state model of graphical input . In Proceedings of the IFIP TC13 3rd International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (INTERACT\u201990) . North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 449--456. Retreived from http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id&equals;647402.725582. William Buxton. 1990. A three-state model of graphical input. In Proceedings of the IFIP TC13 3rd International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (INTERACT\u201990). North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 449--456. Retreived from http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id&equals;647402.725582."},{"volume-title":"Readings in Human-Computer Interaction, Ronald M","author":"Buxton William","key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"William Buxton . 1995. Chunking and phrasing and the design of human-computer dialogues . In Readings in Human-Computer Interaction, Ronald M . Baecker, Jonathan Grudin, William A.S. Buxton, and Saul Greenberg (Eds.). Morgan Kaufmann , 494--499. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-08-051574-8.50051-0 10.1016\/B978-0-08-051574-8.50051-0 William Buxton. 1995. Chunking and phrasing and the design of human-computer dialogues. In Readings in Human-Computer Interaction, Ronald M. Baecker, Jonathan Grudin, William A.S. Buxton, and Saul Greenberg (Eds.). Morgan Kaufmann, 494--499. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-08-051574-8.50051-0"},{"volume-title":"Theories, and Frameworks: Toward a Multidisciplinary Science","author":"Carroll John M.","key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"John M. Carroll . 2003. HCI Models , Theories, and Frameworks: Toward a Multidisciplinary Science . Elsevier . John M. Carroll. 2003. HCI Models, Theories, and Frameworks: Toward a Multidisciplinary Science. Elsevier."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Carroll and Mary Beth Rosson","author":"John","year":"1987","unstructured":"John M. Carroll and Mary Beth Rosson . 1987 . Interfacing Thought : Cognitive Aspects of Human-Computer Interaction. MIT Press , Cambridge, MA, 80--111. Retrieved from http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id&equals;28446.28451. John M. Carroll and Mary Beth Rosson. 1987. Interfacing Thought: Cognitive Aspects of Human-Computer Interaction. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 80--111. Retrieved from http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id&equals;28446.28451."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Wild: A Field Study of Aimed Movements. Technical Report. Universite de Paris Sud","author":"Chapuis O.","year":"2007","unstructured":"O. Chapuis , R. Blanch , and M. Beaudouin-Lafon . 2007 . Fitts\u2019 Law in the Wild: A Field Study of Aimed Movements. Technical Report. Universite de Paris Sud , Orsay, France . O. Chapuis, R. Blanch, and M. Beaudouin-Lafon. 2007. Fitts\u2019 Law in the Wild: A Field Study of Aimed Movements. Technical Report. Universite de Paris Sud, Orsay, France."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240723"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2659796"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240863"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1986.4308973"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/985692.985704"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1518701.1518956"},{"volume-title":"Human Performance","author":"Fitts Paul Morris","key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Paul Morris Fitts and Posner, Michael I.1967. Human Performance . Belmont, Calif Brooks\/Cole Pub. Co. Retrieved from http:\/\/openlibrary.org\/books\/OL5535006M. Paul Morris Fitts and Posner, Michael I.1967. Human Performance. Belmont, Calif Brooks\/Cole Pub. Co. Retrieved from http:\/\/openlibrary.org\/books\/OL5535006M."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025486"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog2806_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240865"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/354401.354778"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2788890.2788930"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI\u201914)","author":"Gutwin Carl","key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Carl Gutwin , Andy Cockburn , Joey Scarr , Sylvain Malacria , and Scott C. Olson . 2014. Faster command selection on tablets with FastTap . In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI\u201914) . ACM, New York, NY, 2617--2626. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2556288.2557136 10.1145\/2556288.2557136 Carl Gutwin, Andy Cockburn, Joey Scarr, Sylvain Malacria, and Scott C. Olson. 2014. Faster command selection on tablets with FastTap. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI\u201914). ACM, New York, NY, 2617--2626. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2556288.2557136"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Staveland","author":"Hart Sandra G.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sandra G. Hart and Lowell E . Staveland . 1988 . Development of NASA-TLX (task load index): Results of empirical and theoretical research. In Human Mental Workload, Peter A. Hancock and Najmedin Meshkati (Eds.). Advances in Psychology, Vol. 52 . North-Holland , 139--183. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62386-9 10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62386-9 Sandra G. Hart and Lowell E. Staveland. 1988. Development of NASA-TLX (task load index): Results of empirical and theoretical research. In Human Mental Workload, Peter A. Hancock and Najmedin Meshkati (Eds.). Advances in Psychology, Vol. 52. North-Holland, 139--183. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62386-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376296"},{"volume-title":"Evaluation by moments: Past and future","author":"Kahneman Daniel","key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"Daniel Kahneman . 2000. Evaluation by moments: Past and future . In Choices, Values, and Frames, Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky (Eds.). Cambridge University Press , 693--708. Daniel Kahneman. 2000. Evaluation by moments: Past and future. In Choices, Values, and Frames, Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky (Eds.). Cambridge University Press, 693--708."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1357054.1357127"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI\u201913)","author":"Komarov S.","key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"S. Komarov , K. Reinecke , and K. Z. Gajos . 2013. Crowdsourcing performance evaluations of user interfaces . In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI\u201913) . 207--216. S. Komarov, K. Reinecke, and K. Z. Gajos. 2013. Crowdsourcing performance evaluations of user interfaces. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI\u201913). 207--216."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/169059.169426"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/191666.191759"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci0801_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"Kurtenbach Gordon. [2008]. Demo of Marking Menus. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v&equals;dtH9GdFSQaw.  Kurtenbach Gordon. [2008]. Demo of Marking Menus. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v&equals;dtH9GdFSQaw."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v6.i1.143"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3119928"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858166"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327590ijhc1802_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmp.2010.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753663"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025707"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2807442.2807444"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2470735"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2501988.2501996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.8.4.434"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/633292.633446"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2466430"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979348"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.15.2.352"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858412"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/iwc\/iwt016"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface and Software Technology (UIST\u201995)","author":"Mark","key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","unstructured":"Mark A. Tapia and Gordon Kurtenbach. 1995. Some design refinements and principles on the appearance and behavior of marking menus . In Proceedings of the 8th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface and Software Technology (UIST\u201995) . ACM, New York, NY, 189--195. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/215585.215973 10.1145\/215585.215973 Mark A. Tapia and Gordon Kurtenbach. 1995. Some design refinements and principles on the appearance and behavior of marking menus. In Proceedings of the 8th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface and Software Technology (UIST\u201995). ACM, New York, NY, 189--195. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/215585.215973"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.5.6.607"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025497"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858211"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.14535"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3242587.3242589"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3418196","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3418196","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T21:31:36Z","timestamp":1750195896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3418196"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3418196"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3418196","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-0516","1557-7325"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1073-0516"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1557-7325"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-06-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-07-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-25","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}