{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T15:38:42Z","timestamp":1775230722766,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]],"date-time":"2020-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["13\/CDA\/2135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13\/CDA\/2135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"H2020 Research and Innovation Action","award":["#856879"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#856879"]}]},{"name":"ANR JCJ","award":["ANR-18-CE33-0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-18-CE33-0013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Appl. Percept."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In human interaction, people will keep different distances from each other depending on their gender. For example, males will stand further away from males and closer to females. Previous studies in virtual reality (VR), where people were interacting with virtual humans, showed a similar result. However, many other variables influence proximity, such as appearance characteristics of the virtual character (e.g., attractiveness). Our study focuses on proximity to virtual walkers, where gender could be recognised from motion only, since previous studies using point-light displays found walking motion is rich in gender cues. In our experiment, a walking wooden mannequin approached the participant embodied in a virtual avatar using the HTC Vive Pro HMD and controllers. The mannequin animation was motion captured from several male and female actors and each motion was displayed individually on the character. Participants used the controller to stop the approaching mannequin when they felt it was uncomfortably close to them. Based on previous work, we hypothesised that proximity will be affected by the gender of the character, but unlike previous research, the gender in our experiment could only be determined from character\u2019s motion. We also expected differences in proximity according to the gender of the participant. We additionally expected some motions to be rated more attractive than others and that attractive motions would reduce the proximity measure. Our results show support for the last two assumptions, but no difference in proximity was found according to the gender of the character\u2019s motion. Our findings have implications for the design of virtual characters in interactive virtual environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3419985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]],"date-time":"2020-11-06T14:31:06Z","timestamp":1604673066000},"page":"1-15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["The Effect of Gender and Attractiveness of Motion on Proximity in Virtual Reality"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0204-3472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katja","family":"Zibrek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Inria Rennes"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Niay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inria Rennes"}]},{"given":"Anne-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Olivier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inria Rennes"}]},{"given":"Ludovic","family":"Hoyet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inria Rennes"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Pettre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inria Rennes"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"McDonnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trinity College Dublin"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1979.49.1.85"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006223-200405000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th Annual International Workshop on PRESENCE. 1864--1105","author":"Bailenson Jeremy N.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/105474601753272844"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167203029007002"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00224545.1984.9922857"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03208295"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR\u201918)","author":"B\u00f6nsch Andrea"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1978.tb00254.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12506"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsm017"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","unstructured":"European Commission. 2014. Gender in EU-funded Research. Retrieved from https:\/\/op.europa.eu\/fr\/publication-detail\/-\/publication\/c118ea10-58fa-4173-a2c4-65c746918c20.  European Commission. 2014. Gender in EU-funded Research. Retrieved from https:\/\/op.europa.eu\/fr\/publication-detail\/-\/publication\/c118ea10-58fa-4173-a2c4-65c746918c20."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193723500242006"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cav.1453"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.4.1.87"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2015.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","unstructured":"A. Halevina and N. F. Troje. 2007. Sex-classification of point-light walkers: Viewpoint structure kinematics. In Poster Presented at Vision Science Society Meeting.  A. Halevina and N. F. Troje. 2007. Sex-classification of point-light walkers: Viewpoint structure kinematics. In Poster Presented at Vision Science Society Meeting."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","volume-title":"The Hidden Dimension","author":"Hall Edmund T."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","first-page":"910","article-title":"Gender and computer games: Exploring females\u2019 dislikes. J. Comput.-mediat","volume":"11","author":"Hartmann Tilo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Commun"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0081182"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.94.2.293"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2018.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1987.64.3.809"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2508363.2508367"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111511"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2016.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.35.5.315"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2006.52"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2005.01633.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608181104"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00217"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00224545.1979.9711646"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03198740"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","volume-title":"Observed power, and what to do if your editor","author":"Lakens Daniel","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","volume-title":"Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. Series B: Biol. Sci. 258","author":"Mather G.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1462048.1462051"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1272582.1272584"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1462048.1462051"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization. ACM, 9--14","author":"Mohler Betty J."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.19.3.230"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.29.722"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3227205.3227294"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/PP.70.2.199"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2018.2793598"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6402.2000.tb01024.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2543581.2543590"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1450579.1450614"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2015.7223327"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","first-page":"241","article-title":"The invariant relationship between step length and step rate during free walking","volume":"30","author":"Sekiya Noruto","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Hum. Mov. Stud."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0138"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010564"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000001819"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_53_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW\u201920)","author":"Thaler Anne"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1973.36.1.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_55_1","volume-title":"Cat walk and western hero\u2013motion is expressive. IGSN Report","author":"Troje Nikolaus F.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.34.11.1085"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_57_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference of the European Association for Computer Graphics (Eurographics'06)","author":"Vinayagamoorthy V.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2767130"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Applied Perception"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3419985","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3419985","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T20:47:39Z","timestamp":1750193259000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3419985"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3419985"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3419985","relation":{},"ISSN":["1544-3558","1544-3965"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1544-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1544-3965","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-06-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-08-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}