{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T21:46:34Z","timestamp":1784151994294,"version":"3.55.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":87,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]],"date-time":"2020-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004801","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNS-1815690, CPS-1837382"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS-1815690, CPS-1837382"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3423211.3425680","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]],"date-time":"2020-12-11T23:03:11Z","timestamp":1607727791000},"page":"265-279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Sledge"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Phani Kishore","family":"Gadepalli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"George Washington University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"McBride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Washington University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregor","family":"Peach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Washington University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludmila","family":"Cherkasova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arm Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Parmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Washington University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"2018. Choosing the right amount of memory for your AWS Lambda Function: https:\/\/blog.symphonia.io\/the-occasional-chaos-of-aws-lambda-runtime-performance-880773620a7e.  2018. Choosing the right amount of memory for your AWS Lambda Function: https:\/\/blog.symphonia.io\/the-occasional-chaos-of-aws-lambda-runtime-performance-880773620a7e."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"2018. The Occasional Chaos of AWS Lambda Runtime Performance: https:\/\/medium.com\/@raupach\/choosing-the-right-amount-of-memory-for-your-aws-lambda-function-99615ddf75dd.  2018. The Occasional Chaos of AWS Lambda Runtime Performance: https:\/\/medium.com\/@raupach\/choosing-the-right-amount-of-memory-for-your-aws-lambda-function-99615ddf75dd."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"2019. Announcing Lucet: Fastly's native WebAssembly compiler and runtime. https:\/\/www.fastly.com\/blog\/announcing-lucet-fastly-native-webassembly-compiler-runtime  2019. Announcing Lucet: Fastly's native WebAssembly compiler and runtime. https:\/\/www.fastly.com\/blog\/announcing-lucet-fastly-native-webassembly-compiler-runtime"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"2019. Lucet: https:\/\/github.com\/fastly\/lucet.  2019. Lucet: https:\/\/github.com\/fastly\/lucet."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Control-Flow Integrity. In Proc. of the 12th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS).","author":"Abadi Mart\u00edn","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn Abadi , Mihai Budiu , \u00dalfar Erlingsson , and Jay Ligatti . 2005 . Control-Flow Integrity. In Proc. of the 12th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS). Mart\u00edn Abadi, Mihai Budiu, \u00dalfar Erlingsson, and Jay Ligatti. 2005. Control-Flow Integrity. In Proc. of the 12th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Syrus Akbary. 2019. A WebAssembly Compiler Tale https:\/\/medium.com\/wasmer\/a-webassembly-compiler-tale-9ef37aa3b537.  Syrus Akbary. 2019. A WebAssembly Compiler Tale https:\/\/medium.com\/wasmer\/a-webassembly-compiler-tale-9ef37aa3b537."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Alibaba Cloud Functions 2019. Alibaba Function Compute: https:\/\/www.alibabacloud.com\/products\/function-compute.  Alibaba Cloud Functions 2019. Alibaba Function Compute: https:\/\/www.alibabacloud.com\/products\/function-compute."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Arm 2019. Armv8.5-A Memory Tagging Extension https:\/\/semiengineering.com\/a-memory-tagging-extension\/.  Arm 2019. Armv8.5-A Memory Tagging Extension https:\/\/semiengineering.com\/a-memory-tagging-extension\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Beyond Load Balancing: Package-Aware Scheduling for Serverless Platforms. In 19th IEEE\/ACM Intl. Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing, CCGRID","author":"Aumala Gabriel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gabriel Aumala , Edwin F. Boza , Luis Ortiz-Avil\u00e9s , Gustavo Totoy , and Cristina Abad . [n.d.]. Beyond Load Balancing: Package-Aware Scheduling for Serverless Platforms. In 19th IEEE\/ACM Intl. Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing, CCGRID 2019 . Gabriel Aumala, Edwin F. Boza, Luis Ortiz-Avil\u00e9s, Gustavo Totoy, and Cristina Abad. [n.d.]. Beyond Load Balancing: Package-Aware Scheduling for Serverless Platforms. In 19th IEEE\/ACM Intl. Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing, CCGRID 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"AWS Goes All In On Arm-Based Graviton2 Processors 2019. AWS Goes All In On Arm-Based Graviton2 Processors With EC2 6th Gen Instances https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/moorinsights\/2019\/12\/03\/aws-goes-all-in-on-arm-based-graviton2-processors-with-ec2-6th-gen-instances\/.  AWS Goes All In On Arm-Based Graviton2 Processors 2019. AWS Goes All In On Arm-Based Graviton2 Processors With EC2 6th Gen Instances https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/moorinsights\/2019\/12\/03\/aws-goes-all-in-on-arm-based-graviton2-processors-with-ec2-6th-gen-instances\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"AWS Lambda 2019. AWS Lambda: https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/lambda\/.  AWS Lambda 2019. AWS Lambda: https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/lambda\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th USENIX Conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI).","author":"Belay Adam","year":"2014","unstructured":"Adam Belay , George Prekas , Ana Klimovic , Samuel Grossman , Christos Kozyrakis , and Edouard Bugnion . 2014 . IX: A Protected Dataplane Operating System for High Throughput and Low Latency . In Proceedings of the 11th USENIX Conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI). Adam Belay, George Prekas, Ana Klimovic, Samuel Grossman, Christos Kozyrakis, and Edouard Bugnion. 2014. IX: A Protected Dataplane Operating System for High Throughput and Low Latency. In Proceedings of the 11th USENIX Conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/209936.209958"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the 2018 Usenix Annual Technical Conference (Boston, MA, USA) (USENIX ATC '18).","author":"Boucher Sol","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sol Boucher , Anuj Kalia , David G. Andersen , and Michael Kaminsky . 2018 . Putting the \"Micro\" Back in Microservice . In Proc. of the 2018 Usenix Annual Technical Conference (Boston, MA, USA) (USENIX ATC '18). Sol Boucher, Anuj Kalia, David G. Andersen, and Michael Kaminsky. 2018. Putting the \"Micro\" Back in Microservice. In Proc. of the 2018 Usenix Annual Technical Conference (Boston, MA, USA) (USENIX ATC '18)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Dynamic Circular Work-Stealing Deque. In SPAA '05: Proceedings of the seventeenth annual ACM symposium on Parallelism in algorithms and architectures.","author":"Chase David","year":"2005","unstructured":"David Chase and Yossi Lev . 2005 . Dynamic Circular Work-Stealing Deque. In SPAA '05: Proceedings of the seventeenth annual ACM symposium on Parallelism in algorithms and architectures. David Chase and Yossi Lev. 2005. Dynamic Circular Work-Stealing Deque. In SPAA '05: Proceedings of the seventeenth annual ACM symposium on Parallelism in algorithms and architectures."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"An Industrial Robot System Based on Edge Computing: An Early Experience. In USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Edge Computing (HotEdge 18)","author":"Chen Y.","unstructured":"Y. Chen , Q. Feng , and W. Shi . 2018 . An Industrial Robot System Based on Edge Computing: An Early Experience. In USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Edge Computing (HotEdge 18) . Y. Chen, Q. Feng, and W. Shi. 2018. An Industrial Robot System Based on Edge Computing: An Early Experience. In USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Edge Computing (HotEdge 18)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"CMSIS NN 2019. CMSIS NN Software Library https:\/\/arm-software.github.io\/CMSIS_5\/NN\/html\/index.html.  CMSIS NN 2019. CMSIS NN Software Library https:\/\/arm-software.github.io\/CMSIS_5\/NN\/html\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Containers vs Virtual Machines 2019. What is a Container?: A standardized unit of software https:\/\/www.docker.com\/resources\/what-container.  Containers vs Virtual Machines 2019. What is a Container?: A standardized unit of software https:\/\/www.docker.com\/resources\/what-container."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Cranelift 2019. Cranelift Code Generator https:\/\/cranelift.readthedocs.io\/en\/latest\/.  Cranelift 2019. Cranelift Code Generator https:\/\/cranelift.readthedocs.io\/en\/latest\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"Docker 2018. Docker: https:\/\/www.docker.com\/.  Docker 2018. Docker: https:\/\/www.docker.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (SOSP).","author":"Dragovic B.","unstructured":"B. Dragovic , K. Fraser , S. Hand , T. Harris , A. Ho , I. Pratt , A. Warfield , P. Barham , and R. Neugebauer . 2003. Xen and the Art of Virtualization . In Proc. of the ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (SOSP). B. Dragovic, K. Fraser, S. Hand, T. Harris, A. Ho, I. Pratt, A. Warfield, P. Barham, and R. Neugebauer. 2003. Xen and the Art of Virtualization. In Proc. of the ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (SOSP)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Emscripten 2019. Emscripten: https:\/\/emscripten.org\/index.html.  Emscripten 2019. Emscripten: https:\/\/emscripten.org\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"fastly-serverless 2019. Fastly Expands Serverless Capabilities With the Launch of Compute@Edge https:\/\/www.fastly.com\/press\/press-releases\/fastly-expands-serverless-capabilities-launch-compute-edge.  fastly-serverless 2019. Fastly Expands Serverless Capabilities With the Launch of Compute@Edge https:\/\/www.fastly.com\/press\/press-releases\/fastly-expands-serverless-capabilities-launch-compute-edge."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","volume":"201","author":"Fingler Henrique","unstructured":"Henrique Fingler , Amogh Akshintala , and Christopher J. Rossbach. 201 9. USETL: Unikernels for Serverless Extract Transform and Load Why Should You Settle for Less? (APSys'19). Henrique Fingler, Amogh Akshintala, and Christopher J. Rossbach. 2019. USETL: Unikernels for Serverless Extract Transform and Load Why Should You Settle for Less? (APSys'19).","journal-title":"Christopher J. Rossbach."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"Firebase 2019. Firebase helps mobile and web app teams succeed. https:\/\/firebase.google.com\/.  Firebase 2019. Firebase helps mobile and web app teams succeed. https:\/\/firebase.google.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"Firecracker 2019. Firecracker: https:\/\/firecracker-microvm.github.io\/.  Firecracker 2019. Firecracker: https:\/\/firecracker-microvm.github.io\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"November","author":"Jeff Barr Firecracker-Barr","year":"2018","unstructured":"Firecracker-Barr [n.d.]. Jeff Barr : \" Firecracker - Lightweight Virtualization for Serverless Computing.\" https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/blogs\/aws\/firecracker-lightweight-virtualization-for-serverless-computing , November 2018 . Firecracker-Barr [n.d.]. Jeff Barr: \"Firecracker - Lightweight Virtualization for Serverless Computing.\" https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/blogs\/aws\/firecracker-lightweight-virtualization-for-serverless-computing, November 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"37th IEEE Symp. on Reliable Distributed Systems (SRDS).","author":"Gadepalli P. K.","unstructured":"P. K. Gadepalli , G. Peach , L. Cherkasova , R. Aitken , and G. Parmer . 2019. Challenges and Opportunities for Efficient Serverless Computing at the Edge . In 37th IEEE Symp. on Reliable Distributed Systems (SRDS). P. K. Gadepalli, G. Peach, L. Cherkasova, R. Aitken, and G. Parmer. 2019. Challenges and Opportunities for Efficient Serverless Computing at the Edge. In 37th IEEE Symp. on Reliable Distributed Systems (SRDS)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Multi-core Coordination. In 25th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS).","author":"Gadepalli Phani Kishore","year":"2019","unstructured":"Phani Kishore Gadepalli , Gregor Peach , Gabriel Parmer , Joseph Espy , and Zach Day . 2019 . Chaos: a System for Criticality-Aware , Multi-core Coordination. In 25th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS). Phani Kishore Gadepalli, Gregor Peach, Gabriel Parmer, Joseph Espy, and Zach Day. 2019. Chaos: a System for Criticality-Aware, Multi-core Coordination. In 25th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"GOCR 2019. GOCR: open-source character recognition http:\/\/jocr.sourceforge.net\/index.html.  GOCR 2019. GOCR: open-source character recognition http:\/\/jocr.sourceforge.net\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"Google Cloud Functions 2019. Google Cloud Functions: https:\/\/cloud.google.com\/functions\/.  Google Cloud Functions 2019. Google Cloud Functions: https:\/\/cloud.google.com\/functions\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"Green Threads 2019. Many-to-One \/ Green Threads: https:\/\/docs.oracle.com\/cd\/E19455-01\/806-3461\/6jck06gqe\/.  Green Threads 2019. Many-to-One \/ Green Threads: https:\/\/docs.oracle.com\/cd\/E19455-01\/806-3461\/6jck06gqe\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3062341.3062363"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3302505.3310084"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adam Hall and Umakishore Ramachandran. 2019. An Execution Model for Serverless Functions at the Edge. In IoTDI.  Adam Hall and Umakishore Ramachandran. 2019. An Execution Model for Serverless Functions at the Edge. In IoTDI.","DOI":"10.1145\/3302505.3310084"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Serverless Computation with OpenLambda. In 8th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Cloud Computing (HotCloud '16)","author":"Hendrickson Scott","unstructured":"Scott Hendrickson , Stephen Sturdevant , Tyler Harter , Venkateshwaran Venkataramani , Andrea C. Arpaci-Dusseau , and Remzi H . Arpaci-Dusseau. 2016 . Serverless Computation with OpenLambda. In 8th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Cloud Computing (HotCloud '16) . Scott Hendrickson, Stephen Sturdevant, Tyler Harter, Venkateshwaran Venkataramani, Andrea C. Arpaci-Dusseau, and Remzi H. Arpaci-Dusseau. 2016. Serverless Computation with OpenLambda. In 8th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Cloud Computing (HotCloud '16)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"IBM Cloud Functions 2019. IBM Cloud Functions: https:\/\/cloud.ibm.com\/functions.  IBM Cloud Functions 2019. IBM Cloud Functions: https:\/\/cloud.ibm.com\/functions."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Native Code. In USENlX Annual Technical Conference (ATC 19)","author":"Jangda Abhinav","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abhinav Jangda , Bobby Powers , Emery D. Berger , and Arjun Guha . 2019 . Not So Fast: Analyzing the Performance of WebAssembly vs . Native Code. In USENlX Annual Technical Conference (ATC 19) . Abhinav Jangda, Bobby Powers, Emery D. Berger, and Arjun Guha. 2019. Not So Fast: Analyzing the Performance of WebAssembly vs. Native Code. In USENlX Annual Technical Conference (ATC 19)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Karl Krauth, Neeraja Yadwadkar, Joseph Gonzalez, Raluca Ada Popa, Ion Stoica, and David A. Patterson.","author":"Jonas Eric","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eric Jonas , Johann Schleier-Smith , Vikram Sreekanti , Chia-Che Tsai , Anurag Khandelwal , Qifan Pu , Vaishaal Shankar , Joao Menezes Carreira , Karl Krauth, Neeraja Yadwadkar, Joseph Gonzalez, Raluca Ada Popa, Ion Stoica, and David A. Patterson. 2019 . Cloud Programming Simplified: A Berkeley View on Serverless Computing . (2019). http:\/\/www2.eecs.berkeley.edu\/Pubs\/TechRpts\/2019\/EECS-2019-3.html Eric Jonas, Johann Schleier-Smith, Vikram Sreekanti, Chia-Che Tsai, Anurag Khandelwal, Qifan Pu, Vaishaal Shankar, Joao Menezes Carreira, Karl Krauth, Neeraja Yadwadkar, Joseph Gonzalez, Raluca Ada Popa, Ion Stoica, and David A. Patterson. 2019. Cloud Programming Simplified: A Berkeley View on Serverless Computing. (2019). http:\/\/www2.eecs.berkeley.edu\/Pubs\/TechRpts\/2019\/EECS-2019-3.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"16th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 19)","author":"Kaffes Kostis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kostis Kaffes , Timothy Chong , Jack Tigar Humphries , Adam Belay , David Mazi\u00e8res , and Christos Kozyrakis . 2019 . Shinjuku: Preemptive Scheduling for &mu; second-scale Tail Latency . In 16th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 19) . Kostis Kaffes, Timothy Chong, Jack Tigar Humphries, Adam Belay, David Mazi\u00e8res, and Christos Kozyrakis. 2019. Shinjuku: Preemptive Scheduling for &mu; second-scale Tail Latency. In 16th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 19)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","unstructured":"Kata Container 2019. Kata Containers: https:\/\/katacontainers.io\/.  Kata Container 2019. Kata Containers: https:\/\/katacontainers.io\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CLOUD.2019.00091"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3102980.3103008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","unstructured":"Alex Krizhevsky. 2010. Convolutional deep belief networks on cifar-10 https:\/\/www.cs.toronto.edu\/ kriz\/conv-cifar10-aug2010.pdf.  Alex Krizhevsky. 2010. Convolutional deep belief networks on cifar-10 https:\/\/www.cs.toronto.edu\/ kriz\/conv-cifar10-aug2010.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Correct and Efficient Work-stealing for Weak Memory Models. In Principles and Practice of Parallel Programming (PPoPP '13)","author":"L\u00ea Nhat Minh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nhat Minh L\u00ea , Antoniu Pop , Albert Cohen , and Francesco Zappa Nardelli . 2013 . Correct and Efficient Work-stealing for Weak Memory Models. In Principles and Practice of Parallel Programming (PPoPP '13) . Nhat Minh L\u00ea, Antoniu Pop, Albert Cohen, and Francesco Zappa Nardelli. 2013. Correct and Efficient Work-stealing for Weak Memory Models. In Principles and Practice of Parallel Programming (PPoPP '13)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3366623.3368139"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","unstructured":"libuv 2012. libuv: Asynchronous I\/O made simple http:\/\/libuv.org\/.  libuv 2012. libuv: Asynchronous I\/O made simple http:\/\/libuv.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","unstructured":"Linux Containers 2019. Linux Containers: https:\/\/linuxcontainers.org\/.  Linux Containers 2019. Linux Containers: https:\/\/linuxcontainers.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"Serverless Computing: An Investigation of Factors Influencing Microservice Performance. In IEEE Intl. Conference on Cloud Engineering (IC2E).","author":"Lloyd Wes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wes Lloyd , Shruti Ramesh , Swetha Chinthalapati , Lan Ly , and Shrideep Pallickara . 2018 . Serverless Computing: An Investigation of Factors Influencing Microservice Performance. In IEEE Intl. Conference on Cloud Engineering (IC2E). Wes Lloyd, Shruti Ramesh, Swetha Chinthalapati, Lan Ly, and Shrideep Pallickara. 2018. Serverless Computing: An Investigation of Factors Influencing Microservice Performance. In IEEE Intl. Conference on Cloud Engineering (IC2E)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","unstructured":"LLVM 2019. The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure https:\/\/llvm.org\/.  LLVM 2019. The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure https:\/\/llvm.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2901318.2901326"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132747.3132763"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","unstructured":"Microsoft Azure Functions 2019. Microsoft Azure Functions: https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/services\/functions\/.  Microsoft Azure Functions 2019. Microsoft Azure Functions: https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/services\/functions\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3357034.3357060"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","unstructured":"MPX 2013. Introduction to Intel Memory Protection Extensions https:\/\/software.intel.com\/en-us\/articles\/introduction-to-intel-memory-protection-extensions.  MPX 2013. Introduction to Intel Memory Protection Extensions https:\/\/software.intel.com\/en-us\/articles\/introduction-to-intel-memory-protection-extensions."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","unstructured":"Node.js 2019. Node.js: Node.js is aJavaScript runtime built on Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine. https:\/\/nodejs.org\/en\/.  Node.js 2019. Node.js: Node.js is aJavaScript runtime built on Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine. https:\/\/nodejs.org\/en\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","unstructured":"nuclio 2019. Nuclio: Automate the Data Science Pipeline with Server-less Functions https:\/\/nuclio.io.  nuclio 2019. Nuclio: Automate the Data Science Pipeline with Server-less Functions https:\/\/nuclio.io."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","volume-title":"SOCK: Rapid Task Provisioning with Serverless-Optimized Containers. In 2018 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 18)","author":"Oakes Edward","year":"2018","unstructured":"Edward Oakes , Leon Yang , Dennis Zhou , Kevin Houck , Tyler Harter , Andrea Arpaci-Dusseau , and Remzi Arpaci-Dusseau . 2018 . SOCK: Rapid Task Provisioning with Serverless-Optimized Containers. In 2018 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 18) . Edward Oakes, Leon Yang, Dennis Zhou, Kevin Houck, Tyler Harter, Andrea Arpaci-Dusseau, and Remzi Arpaci-Dusseau. 2018. SOCK: Rapid Task Provisioning with Serverless-Optimized Containers. In 2018 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 18)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3219617.3219662"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","unstructured":"OpenFaaS 2019. OpenFaaS: Serverless Functions Made Simple. https:\/\/openfaas.com.  OpenFaaS 2019. OpenFaaS: Serverless Functions Made Simple. https:\/\/openfaas.com."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","unstructured":"openmp [n.d.]. OpenMP: http:\/\/www.openmp.org retrieved 9\/21\/12.  openmp [n.d.]. OpenMP: http:\/\/www.openmp.org retrieved 9\/21\/12."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","unstructured":"PolyBench\/C 2019. PolyBench\/C: the Polyhedral Benchmark suite https:\/\/web.cse.ohio-state.edu\/ pouchet.2\/software\/polybench\/.  PolyBench\/C 2019. PolyBench\/C: the Polyhedral Benchmark suite https:\/\/web.cse.ohio-state.edu\/ pouchet.2\/software\/polybench\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132747.3132780"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","unstructured":"Qualcomm New Model for Computing Built on Arm 2017. Qualcomm is Bringing an Exciting New Model for Computing and It's Built on Arm https:\/\/community.arm.com\/developer\/ip-products\/processors\/b\/processors-ip-blog\/posts\/qualcomm-bringing-exciting-new-model-for-computing-built-on-arm.  Qualcomm New Model for Computing Built on Arm 2017. Qualcomm is Bringing an Exciting New Model for Computing and It's Built on Arm https:\/\/community.arm.com\/developer\/ip-products\/processors\/b\/processors-ip-blog\/posts\/qualcomm-bringing-exciting-new-model-for-computing-built-on-arm."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3317550.3321445"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","unstructured":"Maria Isabel Ribeiro. 2004. Kalman and extended kalman filters: Concept derivation and properties. (2004).  Maria Isabel Ribeiro. 2004. Kalman and extended kalman filters: Concept derivation and properties. (2004)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"Cloud Report","year":"2019","unstructured":"serverless [n.d.]. State of the Cloud Report 2019 , http:\/\/www.rightscale.com\/lp\/state-of-the-cloud. serverless [n.d.]. State of the Cloud Report 2019, http:\/\/www.rightscale.com\/lp\/state-of-the-cloud."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_68_1","unstructured":"Serverless 2019. Virtual Machines vs Containers vs Serverless Computing: Everything You Need to Know https:\/\/dotcms.com\/blog\/post\/virtual-machines-vs-containers-vs-serverless-computing-everything-you-need-to-know.  Serverless 2019. Virtual Machines vs Containers vs Serverless Computing: Everything You Need to Know https:\/\/dotcms.com\/blog\/post\/virtual-machines-vs-containers-vs-serverless-computing-everything-you-need-to-know."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_69_1","unstructured":"Simon Shillaker and Peter Pietzuch. 2020. Faasm:Lightweight Isolation for Efficient Stateful Serverless Computing.  Simon Shillaker and Peter Pietzuch. 2020. Faasm:Lightweight Isolation for Efficient Stateful Serverless Computing."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_70_1","unstructured":"Snoyman 2019. Michael Snoyman: \"Serverless Rust using WASM and Cloudflare\" https:\/\/tech.fpcomplete.com\/blog\/serverless-rust-wasm-cloudflare.  Snoyman 2019. Michael Snoyman: \"Serverless Rust using WASM and Cloudflare\" https:\/\/tech.fpcomplete.com\/blog\/serverless-rust-wasm-cloudflare."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_71_1","unstructured":"SOD 2019. SOD - An Embedded Computer Vision and Machine Learning Library https:\/\/sod.pixlab.io\/index.html.  SOD 2019. SOD - An Embedded Computer Vision and Machine Learning Library https:\/\/sod.pixlab.io\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_72_1","unstructured":"tbb [n.d.]. Intel Thread Building Blocks: http:\/\/threadingbuildingblocks.org\/ retrieved 9\/21\/12.  tbb [n.d.]. Intel Thread Building Blocks: http:\/\/threadingbuildingblocks.org\/ retrieved 9\/21\/12."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_73_1","volume-title":"Cntr: Lightweight OS Containers. In USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC.","author":"Thalheim J\u00f6rg","year":"2018","unstructured":"J\u00f6rg Thalheim , Pramod Bhatotia , Pedro Fonseca , and Baris Kasikci . 2018 . Cntr: Lightweight OS Containers. In USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC. J\u00f6rg Thalheim, Pramod Bhatotia, Pedro Fonseca, and Baris Kasikci. 2018. Cntr: Lightweight OS Containers. In USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_74_1","unstructured":"TinyEKF 2019. TinyEKF: Lightweight C\/C++ Extended Kalman Filter with Python for prototyping https:\/\/github.com\/simondlevy\/TinyEKF.git.  TinyEKF 2019. TinyEKF: Lightweight C\/C++ Extended Kalman Filter with Python for prototyping https:\/\/github.com\/simondlevy\/TinyEKF.git."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_75_1","unstructured":"Varda October 1 2018. Kenton Varda: \"WebAssembly on Cloudflare Workers\" https:\/\/blog.cloudflare.com\/webassembly-on-cloudflare-workers\/.  Varda October 1 2018. Kenton Varda: \"WebAssembly on Cloudflare Workers\" https:\/\/blog.cloudflare.com\/webassembly-on-cloudflare-workers\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_76_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the 14th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (SOSP).","author":"Wahbe Robert","unstructured":"Robert Wahbe , Steven Lucco , Thomas E. Anderson , and Susan L. Graham . 1993. Efficient Software-Based Fault Isolation . In Proc. of the 14th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (SOSP). Robert Wahbe, Steven Lucco, Thomas E. Anderson, and Susan L. Graham. 1993. Efficient Software-Based Fault Isolation. In Proc. of the 14th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (SOSP)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_77_1","volume-title":"Peeking Behind the Curtains of Serverless Platforms. In USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 18)","author":"Wang Liang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liang Wang , Mengyuan Li , Yinqian Zhang , Thomas Ristenpart , and Michael Swift . 2018 . Peeking Behind the Curtains of Serverless Platforms. In USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 18) . Liang Wang, Mengyuan Li, Yinqian Zhang, Thomas Ristenpart, and Michael Swift. 2018. Peeking Behind the Curtains of Serverless Platforms. In USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 18)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_78_1","unstructured":"Wasmer 2019. Wasmer: Run any code on any client. With WebAssembly and Wasmer. https:\/\/wasmer.io\/.  Wasmer 2019. Wasmer: Run any code on any client. With WebAssembly and Wasmer. https:\/\/wasmer.io\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_79_1","unstructured":"WAVM 2019. WAVM: WAVM is a WebAssembly virtual machine designed for use in non-web applications. https:\/\/wavm.github.io\/.  WAVM 2019. WAVM: WAVM is a WebAssembly virtual machine designed for use in non-web applications. https:\/\/wavm.github.io\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_80_1","unstructured":"WebAssembly Security 2020. WebAssembly Security https:\/\/webassembly.org\/docs\/security\/.  WebAssembly Security 2020. WebAssembly Security https:\/\/webassembly.org\/docs\/security\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_81_1","unstructured":"White Paper 2017. White Paper of Edge Computing Consortium https:\/\/www.iotaustralia.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/White-Paper-of-Edge-Computing-Consortium.pdf.  White Paper 2017. White Paper of Edge Computing Consortium https:\/\/www.iotaustralia.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/White-Paper-of-Edge-Computing-Consortium.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_82_1","unstructured":"White Paper 2019. Security Overview of AWS Lambda. https:\/\/d1.awsstatic.com\/whitepapers\/Overview-AWS-Lambda-Security.pdf  White Paper 2019. Security Overview of AWS Lambda. https:\/\/d1.awsstatic.com\/whitepapers\/Overview-AWS-Lambda-Security.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_83_1","unstructured":"Windows Containers 2019. Windows Containers: https:\/\/docs.microsoft.com\/en-us\/virtualization\/windowscontainers\/about\/.  Windows Containers 2019. Windows Containers: https:\/\/docs.microsoft.com\/en-us\/virtualization\/windowscontainers\/about\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_84_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/www.electronicdesign.com\/embedded-revolution\/vm-containers-and-serverless-programming-embedded-developers","author":"Wong William","year":"2017","unstructured":"William Wong . 2017. VM , Containers , and Serverless Programming for Embedded Developers . ( 2017 ). https:\/\/www.electronicdesign.com\/embedded-revolution\/vm-containers-and-serverless-programming-embedded-developers William Wong. 2017. VM, Containers, and Serverless Programming for Embedded Developers. (2017). https:\/\/www.electronicdesign.com\/embedded-revolution\/vm-containers-and-serverless-programming-embedded-developers"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCA.2014.6853201"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_86_1","volume-title":"How does language, memory and package size affect cold starts of AWS Lambda?","author":"Yan Cui","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cui Yan . 2017. How does language, memory and package size affect cold starts of AWS Lambda? 2017 , https:\/\/read.acloud.guru\/does-coding-language-memory-orpackage-size-affect-cold-starts-of-aws-lambda-a15e26d12c76. Cui Yan. 2017. How does language, memory and package size affect cold starts of AWS Lambda? 2017, https:\/\/read.acloud.guru\/does-coding-language-memory-orpackage-size-affect-cold-starts-of-aws-lambda-a15e26d12c76."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3357223.3362723"}],"event":{"name":"Middleware '20: 21st International Middleware Conference","location":"Delft Netherlands","acronym":"Middleware '20","sponsor":["ACM Association for Computing Machinery","IFIP"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 21st International Middleware Conference"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3423211.3425680","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3423211.3425680","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T21:24:57Z","timestamp":1750195497000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3423211.3425680"}},"subtitle":["a Serverless-first, Light-weight Wasm Runtime for the Edge"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]]},"references-count":87,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3423211.3425680","10.1145\/3423211"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3423211.3425680","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-12-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}