{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T16:05:34Z","timestamp":1780589134890,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]],"date-time":"2021-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004944","name":"Department of Energy, Labor and Economic Growth","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004944","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Emerging quantum processors provide an opportunity to explore new approaches for solving traditional problems in the post Moore\u2019s law supercomputing era. However, the limited number of qubits makes it infeasible to tackle massive real-world datasets directly in the near future, leading to new challenges in utilizing these quantum processors for practical purposes. Hybrid quantum-classical algorithms that leverage both quantum and classical types of devices are considered as one of the main strategies to apply quantum computing to large-scale problems. In this article, we advocate the use of multilevel frameworks for combinatorial optimization as a promising general paradigm for designing hybrid quantum-classical algorithms. To demonstrate this approach, we apply this method to two well-known combinatorial optimization problems, namely, the Graph Partitioning Problem, and the Community Detection Problem. We develop hybrid multilevel solvers with quantum local search on D-Wave\u2019s quantum annealer and IBM\u2019s gate-model based quantum processor. We carry out experiments on graphs that are orders of magnitude larger than the current quantum hardware size, and we observe results comparable to state-of-the-art solvers in terms of quality of the solution.\n            <jats:bold>Reproducibility<\/jats:bold>\n            : Our code and data are available at Reference [1].\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3425607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]],"date-time":"2021-02-14T04:52:08Z","timestamp":1613278328000},"page":"1-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Multilevel Combinatorial Optimization across Quantum Architectures"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Hayato","family":"Ushijima-Mwesigwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujitsu Laboratories of America, Inc. 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