{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T14:15:08Z","timestamp":1766067308153,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["61972003 and 61672040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61972003 and 61672040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Asian Low-Resour. Lang. Inf. Process."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Spelling error detection serves as a crucial preprocessing in many natural language processing applications. Unlike English, where every single word is directly typed by keyboard, we have to use an input method to input Chinese characters. The pinyin input method is the most widely used. By intuition, pinyin should be helpful in detecting spelling errors. However, when detect spelling errors, most of the current methods ignore the pinyin information and adopt a pipeline framework that leads to error propagation. In this article, we propose a fusion lattice-LSTM model under the end-to-end framework to integrate character, word, and pinyin features for error detection. Experiments on the SIGHAN Bake-off-2015 dataset show that pinyin is a discriminating feature, and our end-to-end model outperforms the baseline models obviously.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3426882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T21:53:00Z","timestamp":1620251580000},"page":"1-11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Chinese Spelling Error Detection Using a Fusion Lattice LSTM"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0896-080X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"North China University of Technology and CNONIX National Standard Application and Promotion Lab, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7181-4157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North China University of Technology and CNONIX National Standard Application and Promotion Lab, Beijing, China"}]},{"given":"Jianyong","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North China University of Technology and CNONIX National Standard Application and Promotion Lab, Beijing, China"}]},{"given":"Jiajun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1598834.1598847"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Natural Language Processing Pacific Rim Symposium","volume":"95","author":"Chang Chao-Huang","year":"1995","unstructured":"Chao-Huang Chang . 1995 . A new approach for automatic Chinese spelling correction . In Proceedings of the Natural Language Processing Pacific Rim Symposium , Vol. 95 . 278\u2013283. Chao-Huang Chang. 1995. A new approach for automatic Chinese spelling correction. In Proceedings of the Natural Language Processing Pacific Rim Symposium, Vol. 95. 278\u2013283."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th SIGHAN Workshop on Chinese Language Processing. 79\u201383","author":"Chen Kuan-Yu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kuan-Yu Chen , Hung-Shin Lee , Chung-Han Lee , Hsin-Min Wang , and Hsin-Hsi Chen . 2013 . A study of language modeling for Chinese spelling check . In Proceedings of the 7th SIGHAN Workshop on Chinese Language Processing. 79\u201383 . Kuan-Yu Chen, Hung-Shin Lee, Chung-Han Lee, Hsin-Min Wang, and Hsin-Hsi Chen. 2013. A study of language modeling for Chinese spelling check. In Proceedings of the 7th SIGHAN Workshop on Chinese Language Processing. 79\u201383."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th SIGHAN Workshop on Chinese Language Processing. 49\u201353","author":"Chiu Hsun-Wen","key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Hsun-Wen Chiu , Jian-Cheng Wu , and Jason S. Chang . 2013. Chinese spelling checker based on statistical machine translation . In Proceedings of the 7th SIGHAN Workshop on Chinese Language Processing. 49\u201353 . Hsun-Wen Chiu, Jian-Cheng Wu, and Jason S. Chang. 2013. Chinese spelling checker based on statistical machine translation. In Proceedings of the 7th SIGHAN Workshop on Chinese Language Processing. 49\u201353."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1873781.1873822"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2016.2582924"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th SIGHAN Workshop on Chinese Language Processing. 74\u201378","author":"Han Dongxu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dongxu Han and Baobao Chang . 2013 . A maximum entropy approach to Chinese spelling check . In Proceedings of the 7th SIGHAN Workshop on Chinese Language Processing. 74\u201378 . Dongxu Han and Baobao Chang. 2013. A maximum entropy approach to Chinese spelling check. In Proceedings of the 7th SIGHAN Workshop on Chinese Language Processing. 74\u201378."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th SIGHAN Workshop on Chinese Language Processing. 84\u201387","author":"He Yu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yu He and Guohong Fu . 2013 . Description of HLJU Chinese spelling checker for SIGHAN Bakeoff 2013 . In Proceedings of the 7th SIGHAN Workshop on Chinese Language Processing. 84\u201387 . Yu He and Guohong Fu. 2013. Description of HLJU Chinese spelling checker for SIGHAN Bakeoff 2013. In Proceedings of the 7th SIGHAN Workshop on Chinese Language Processing. 84\u201387."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th SIGHAN Workshop on Chinese Language Processing. 59\u201363","author":"Hsieh Yu-Ming","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yu-Ming Hsieh , Ming-Hong Bai , and Keh-Jiann Chen . 2013 . Introduction to CKIP Chinese spelling check system for SIGHAN Bakeoff 2013 evaluation . In Proceedings of the 7th SIGHAN Workshop on Chinese Language Processing. 59\u201363 . Yu-Ming Hsieh, Ming-Hong Bai, and Keh-Jiann Chen. 2013. Introduction to CKIP Chinese spelling check system for SIGHAN Bakeoff 2013 evaluation. 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In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Technologies (Volume 1: Long and Short Papers) (NAACL\u201919). 2720\u20132725."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Adam: A method for stochastic optimization. arXIv:1412.6980","author":"Kingma Diederik P.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Diederik P. Kingma and Jimmy B . 2014 . Adam: A method for stochastic optimization. arXIv:1412.6980 Diederik P. Kingma and Jimmy B. 2014. Adam: A method for stochastic optimization. arXIv:1412.6980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/645530.655813"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1967293.1967297"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th SIGHAN Workshop on Chinese Language Processing. 54\u201358","author":"Liu Xiaodong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xiaodong Liu , Kevin Cheng , Yanyan Luo , Kevin Duh , and Yuji Matsumoto . 2013 . A hybrid Chinese spelling correction using language model and statistical machine translation with reranking . In Proceedings of the 7th SIGHAN Workshop on Chinese Language Processing. 54\u201358 . Xiaodong Liu, Kevin Cheng, Yanyan Luo, Kevin Duh, and Yuji Matsumoto. 2013. A hybrid Chinese spelling correction using language model and statistical machine translation with reranking. In Proceedings of the 7th SIGHAN Workshop on Chinese Language Processing. 54\u201358."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1118894.1118903"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1101"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Silva","author":"Martins Bruno","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bruno Martins and M\u00e1rio J . Silva . 2004 . Spelling correction for search engine queries. In Advances in Natural Language Processing. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 3230 . Springer . 372\u2013383. Bruno Martins and M\u00e1rio J. Silva. 2004. Spelling correction for search engine queries. In Advances in Natural Language Processing. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 3230. Springer. 372\u2013383."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W15-3106"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1967.1054010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D18-1273"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th SIGHAN Workshop on Chinese Language Processing. 35\u201342","author":"Wu Shih-Hung","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shih-Hung Wu , Chao-Lin Liu , and Lung-Hao Lee . 2013 . Chinese spelling check evaluation at SIGHAN Bake-off 2013 . In Proceedings of the 7th SIGHAN Workshop on Chinese Language Processing. 35\u201342 . Shih-Hung Wu, Chao-Lin Liu, and Lung-Hao Lee. 2013. Chinese spelling check evaluation at SIGHAN Bake-off 2013. 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