{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T23:15:15Z","timestamp":1780528515329,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Digital Threats"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            In an age where news information is created by millions and consumed by billions over\n            <jats:bold>social media<\/jats:bold>\n            (\n            <jats:bold>SM<\/jats:bold>\n            ) every day, issues of information biases, fake news, and echo-chambers have dominated the corridors of technology firms, news corporations, policy makers, and society. While multiple disciplines have tried to tackle the issue using their disciplinary lenses, there has, hitherto, been no integrative model that surface the intricate, albeit \u201cdark\u201d explainable AI confluence of both technology and psychology. Investigating information bias anchoring as the overarching phenomenon, this research proposes a theoretical framework that brings together traditionally fragmented domains of AI technology, and human psychology.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>The proposed Information Bias Anchoring Model reveals how SM news information creates an information deluge leading to uncertainty, and how technological rationality and individual biases intersect to mitigate the uncertainty, often leading to news information biases. The research ends with a discussion of contributions and offering to reduce information bias anchoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3428157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T22:13:56Z","timestamp":1619648036000},"page":"1-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["A Perfect Storm"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Pratim","family":"Datta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kent State University, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Whitmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kent State University, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph K.","family":"Nwankpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miami University, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Action Control","author":"Ajzen I.","unstructured":"I. Ajzen . 1985. From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior . In Action Control . Springer , Berlin , pp. 11 -- 39 . I. Ajzen. 1985. From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In Action Control. Springer, Berlin, pp. 11--39."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167204264079"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Research & Politics. Retrieved on","author":"Allcott H.","year":"2020","unstructured":"H. Allcott , M. Gentzkow , and C. Yu . 2019. Trends in the diffusion of misinformation on social media . Research & Politics. Retrieved on July 19, 2020 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2053168019848554. 10.1177\/2053168019848554 H. Allcott, M. Gentzkow, and C. Yu. 2019. Trends in the diffusion of misinformation on social media. Research & Politics. Retrieved on July 19, 2020 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2053168019848554."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.31.2.211"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-2171.2011.00155.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000729"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Bakshy S. Messing and L. A. Adamic. 2015. Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook. Science 348 6239 (2015) 1130--1132.  E. Bakshy S. Messing and L. A. Adamic. 2015. Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook. Science 348 6239 (2015) 1130--1132.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa1160"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0894439317734157"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"The manifesto for the content curator: The next big social media job of the future. SocialMediaToday","author":"Bhargava R.","year":"2009","unstructured":"R. Bhargava . 2009. The manifesto for the content curator: The next big social media job of the future. SocialMediaToday . 2009 . Retrieved from on July 19, 2020 https:\/\/www.rohitbhargava.com\/2009\/09\/manifesto-for-the-content-curator-the-next-big. R. Bhargava. 2009. The manifesto for the content curator: The next big social media job of the future. SocialMediaToday. 2009. Retrieved from on July 19, 2020 https:\/\/www.rohitbhargava.com\/2009\/09\/manifesto-for-the-content-curator-the-next-big."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","article-title":"Types, sources, and claims of COVID-19 misinformation","author":"Brennen J. C.","year":"2020","unstructured":"J. C. Brennen , F. M. Simon , P. N. Howard , and R. K. Nielsen . 2020 . Types, sources, and claims of COVID-19 misinformation . Factsheet, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. University of Oxford. Retrieved August 8, 2020 from https:\/\/reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk\/types-sources-and-claims-covid-19-misinformation#methodological. J. C. Brennen, F. M. Simon, P. N. Howard, and R. K. Nielsen. 2020. Types, sources, and claims of COVID-19 misinformation. Factsheet, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. University of Oxford. Retrieved August 8, 2020 from https:\/\/reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk\/types-sources-and-claims-covid-19-misinformation#methodological.","journal-title":"Factsheet, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. University of Oxford. Retrieved"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism & University of Oxford. Retrieved on","author":"Brennen S.","year":"2020","unstructured":"S. Brennen , F. Simon , P. Howard , and R. Nielsen . 2020. Types, sources, and claims of COVID-19 misinformation . Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism & University of Oxford. Retrieved on July 19, 2020 https:\/\/reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk\/types-sources-and-claims-covid-19-misinformation. S. Brennen, F. Simon, P. Howard, and R. Nielsen. 2020. Types, sources, and claims of COVID-19 misinformation. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism & University of Oxford. Retrieved on July 19, 2020 https:\/\/reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk\/types-sources-and-claims-covid-19-misinformation."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfw007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"A. Chakraborty S. Ghosh N. Ganguly and K. P. Gummadi. 2015. Can trending news stories create coverage bias? On the impact of high content churn in online news media. In Computation and Journalism Symposium.  A. Chakraborty S. Ghosh N. Ganguly and K. P. Gummadi. 2015. Can trending news stories create coverage bias? On the impact of high content churn in online news media. In Computation and Journalism Symposium."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM\u201916)","author":"Chakraborty A.","unstructured":"A. Chakraborty , S. Ghosh , N. Ganguly , and K. P. Gummadi . 2016. Dissemination bias of social media channels: On the topical coverage of socially shared news . In Proceedings of the 10th International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM\u201916) . A. Chakraborty, S. Ghosh, N. Ganguly, and K. P. Gummadi. 2016. Dissemination bias of social media channels: On the topical coverage of socially shared news. In Proceedings of the 10th International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM\u201916)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-3682(90)90033-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0105-5","article-title":"An analysis of gender bias studies in natural language processing","volume":"1","author":"M. R.","year":"2019","unstructured":"M. R. Costa-juss\u00e0. 2019 . An analysis of gender bias studies in natural language processing . Nature Machine Intelligence 1 (2019), 495 -- 496 . M. R. Costa-juss\u00e0. 2019. An analysis of gender bias studies in natural language processing. Nature Machine Intelligence 1 (2019), 495--496.","journal-title":"Nature Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.ejis.3000729"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00130","article-title":"An agent-mediated knowledge-in-motion model","volume":"8","author":"Datta P.","year":"2007","unstructured":"P. Datta . 2007 . An agent-mediated knowledge-in-motion model . Journal of the Association for Information Systems 8 , 5 (2007), 20 . P. Datta. 2007. An agent-mediated knowledge-in-motion model. Journal of the Association for Information Systems 8, 5 (2007), 20.","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Information Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"September 19th.","author":"Davis W.","unstructured":"W. Davis . 2019. Why can't we agree on what's true any more? The Guardian , September 19th. W. Davis. 2019. Why can't we agree on what's true any more? The Guardian, September 19th."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"A theory of Cognitive Dissonance","author":"Festinger L.","unstructured":"L. Festinger . 1957. A theory of Cognitive Dissonance . ( 9 th ed.). Stanford CA : Stanford University Press . L. Festinger. 1957. A theory of Cognitive Dissonance. (9th ed.). Stanford CA: Stanford University Press.","edition":"9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"W. A. Fisher and J. D. Fisher. 1993. A general social psychological model for changing AIDS risk behavior. In The Social Psychology of HIV Infection J. Pryor and G. Reeder (Eds.). Erlbaum 27--53.  W. A. Fisher and J. D. Fisher. 1993. A general social psychological model for changing AIDS risk behavior. In The Social Psychology of HIV Infection J. Pryor and G. Reeder (Eds.). Erlbaum 27--53."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1177\/1369148118799260","article-title":"Media definitely do matter: Brexit, immigration, climate change and beyond","volume":"20","author":"Gavin N. T.","year":"2018","unstructured":"N. T. Gavin . 2018 . Media definitely do matter: Brexit, immigration, climate change and beyond . The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 20 , 4 (2018), 827 -- 845 . N. T. Gavin. 2018. Media definitely do matter: Brexit, immigration, climate change and beyond. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 20, 4 (2018), 827--845.","journal-title":"The British Journal of Politics and International Relations"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(00)00074-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception","author":"Gibson J. J.","unstructured":"J. J. Gibson . 2015. The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception . Psychology Press Classic Editions , New York, NY . J. J. Gibson. 2015. The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Psychology Press Classic Editions, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Shifting perspectives: A process model for sense making under uncertainty","volume":"6","author":"Hill G.","year":"2015","unstructured":"G. Hill , P. Datta , and W. Acar . 2015 . Shifting perspectives: A process model for sense making under uncertainty . IJSDS 6 (2015), 33 -- 52 . G. Hill, P. Datta, and W. Acar. 2015. Shifting perspectives: A process model for sense making under uncertainty. IJSDS 6 (2015), 33--52.","journal-title":"IJSDS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Probabilistic machine learning and artificial intelligence. Nature 521, 7553","author":"Ghahramani Z.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Z. Ghahramani . 2015. Probabilistic machine learning and artificial intelligence. Nature 521, 7553 ( 2015 ), 452--459. Z. Ghahramani. 2015. Probabilistic machine learning and artificial intelligence. Nature 521, 7553 (2015), 452--459."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4278\/0890-1171-11.2.87"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3894.3895"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Illinois. Retrieved on","author":"Jaing A. H.","year":"2020","unstructured":"A. H. Jaing , Z. S. Bischof , and F. E. Bustamante . 2014. A Cliq of content curators. SIGCOMM\u201914, October 17, Chicago , Illinois. Retrieved on July 19, 2020 http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1145\/2619239.2631470. 10.1145\/2619239.2631470 A. H. Jaing, Z. S. Bischof, and F. E. Bustamante. 2014. A Cliq of content curators. SIGCOMM\u201914, October 17, Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved on July 19, 2020 http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1145\/2619239.2631470."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1093\/jopart\/muw049","article-title":"Motivated reasoning about public performance: An experimental study on how citizens judge the affordable care act","volume":"27","author":"James O.","year":"2017","unstructured":"O. James and G. G. Van Ryzin . 2017 . Motivated reasoning about public performance: An experimental study on how citizens judge the affordable care act . Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 27 , 1 (2017), 197 -- 209 . O. James and G. G. Van Ryzin. 2017. Motivated reasoning about public performance: An experimental study on how citizens judge the affordable care act. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 27, 1 (2017), 197--209.","journal-title":"Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socec.2020.101513","article-title":"Fake news\u2014Does perception matter more than the truth","volume":"85","author":"Jost P. J.","year":"2020","unstructured":"P. J. Jost , J. P\u00fcnder , and I. Schulze-Lohoff . 2020 . Fake news\u2014Does perception matter more than the truth ? Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics 85 (2020), 101513 . P. J. Jost, J. P\u00fcnder, and I. Schulze-Lohoff. 2020. Fake news\u2014Does perception matter more than the truth? Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics 85 (2020), 101513.","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Kahneman and A. Tversky. 1979. Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica 263--292.  D. Kahneman and A. Tversky. 1979. Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica 263--292.","DOI":"10.2307\/1914185"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"The New York Times, 2016","author":"Kang C.","year":"2020","unstructured":"C. Kang and A. Goldman . 2016. In Washington D.C. fake news brought real guns . The New York Times, 2016 . Retrieved on July 19, 2020 https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/12\/05\/business\/media\/comet-ping-pong-pizza-shooting-fake. C. Kang and A. Goldman. 2016. In Washington D.C. fake news brought real guns. The New York Times, 2016. Retrieved on July 19, 2020 https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/12\/05\/business\/media\/comet-ping-pong-pizza-shooting-fake."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Twelfth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media.","author":"Karduni A.","unstructured":"A. Karduni , R. Wesslen , S. Santhanam , I. Cho , S. Volkova , D. Arendt , and W. Dou . 2018. Can you verifi this? studying uncertainty and decision-making about misinformation using visual analytics . In Twelfth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media. A. Karduni, R. Wesslen, S. Santhanam, I. Cho, S. Volkova, D. Arendt, and W. Dou. 2018. Can you verifi this? studying uncertainty and decision-making about misinformation using visual analytics. In Twelfth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. B. Kerr and S. R. Hiltz. 1982. Computer-Mediated Communication Systems: Status and Evaluation. Academic Press New York.  E. B. Kerr and S. R. Hiltz. 1982. Computer-Mediated Communication Systems: Status and Evaluation. Academic Press New York.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-404980-2.50009-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 51st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.","author":"Kim A.","unstructured":"A. Kim and A. Dennis . 2018. Says who?: How news presentation format influences perceived believability and the engagement level of social media users . In Proceedings of the 51st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. A. Kim and A. Dennis. 2018. Says who?: How news presentation format influences perceived believability and the engagement level of social media users. In Proceedings of the 51st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Social cognition: Making sense of people","author":"Kunda Z.","unstructured":"Z. Kunda . 1999. Social cognition: Making sense of people . MIT press, Cambridge , MA. Z. Kunda. 1999. Social cognition: Making sense of people. MIT press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"The effects of mass communication","author":"Klapper J. T.","unstructured":"J. T. Klapper . 1960. The effects of mass communication . New York , Free Press . J. T. Klapper. 1960. The effects of mass communication. New York, Free Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.94.2.211"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"uncertainty and profit","author":"Knight F. H.","unstructured":"F. H. Knight . 2012. Risk , uncertainty and profit . Courier Corporation . F. H. Knight. 2012. Risk, uncertainty and profit. Courier Corporation."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","first-page":"102","article-title":"Response: Real options pricing and organizations: The contingent risks of extended theoretical domains","volume":"29","author":"Kogut B.","year":"2004","unstructured":"B. Kogut and N. Kulatilaka . 2004 . Response: Real options pricing and organizations: The contingent risks of extended theoretical domains . The Academy of Management Review 29 , 1 (2004), 102 -- 110 . B. Kogut and N. Kulatilaka. 2004. Response: Real options pricing and organizations: The contingent risks of extended theoretical domains. The Academy of Management Review 29, 1 (2004), 102--110.","journal-title":"The Academy of Management Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. M. Lazer M. A. Baum Y. Benkler A. J. Berinsky K. M. Greenhill F. Menczer and M. Schudson. 2018. The science of fake news. Science 359 6380 (2018) 1094--1096.  D. M. Lazer M. A. Baum Y. Benkler A. J. Berinsky K. M. Greenhill F. Menczer and M. Schudson. 2018. The science of fake news. Science 359 6380 (2018) 1094--1096.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao2998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Retrieved on","author":"Leetaru K.","year":"2019","unstructured":"K. Leetaru . 2019 . Terabytes of news versus one trillion tweets: Is social media really as big as we think? Forbes, September 12th . Retrieved on July 19, 2020 https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/kalevleetaru\/2019\/02\/12\/terabytes-of-news-versus-one-trillion-tweets-is-social-media-really-as-big-as-we-think\/#6ab1164029cc. K. Leetaru. 2019. Terabytes of news versus one trillion tweets: Is social media really as big as we think? Forbes, September 12th. Retrieved on July 19, 2020 https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/kalevleetaru\/2019\/02\/12\/terabytes-of-news-versus-one-trillion-tweets-is-social-media-really-as-big-as-we-think\/#6ab1164029cc."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"The Guardian","author":"McCurry J.","year":"2020","unstructured":"J. McCurry . 2020 . South Korea cracks down on fake news about spread of coronavirus . The Guardian , January 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2020 from https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2020\/jan\/30\/south-korea-cracks-down-on-fake-news-about-spread-of-coronavirus. J. McCurry. 2020. South Korea cracks down on fake news about spread of coronavirus. The Guardian, January 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2020 from https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2020\/jan\/30\/south-korea-cracks-down-on-fake-news-about-spread-of-coronavirus."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","unstructured":"H. Mintzberg. 1997. The manager's job: Folklore and fact. Leadership: Understanding the Dynamics of Power and Influence in Organizations. 35--53.  H. Mintzberg. 1997. The manager's job: Folklore and fact. Leadership: Understanding the Dynamics of Power and Influence in Organizations. 35--53."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Explainable AI: Beware of inmates running the asylum or: How I learnt to stop worrying and love the social and behavioural sciences. arXiv preprint arXiv:1712.00547.","author":"Miller T.","year":"2017","unstructured":"T. Miller , P. Howe , and L. Sonenberg . 2017 . Explainable AI: Beware of inmates running the asylum or: How I learnt to stop worrying and love the social and behavioural sciences. arXiv preprint arXiv:1712.00547. T. Miller, P. Howe, and L. Sonenberg. 2017. Explainable AI: Beware of inmates running the asylum or: How I learnt to stop worrying and love the social and behavioural sciences. arXiv preprint arXiv:1712.00547."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"Retrieved on","year":"2017","unstructured":"MyNewsDesk. 2017 . Fake news, financial uncertainty, and lack of trust\u2014What journalists say about the future of media, September 14th . Retrieved on October 15, 2019 from http:\/\/www.mynewsdesk.com\/us\/mynewsdesk\/pressreleases\/fake-news-financial-uncertainty-and-lack-of-trust-what-journalists-say-about-the-future-of-media-2145386. MyNewsDesk. 2017. Fake news, financial uncertainty, and lack of trust\u2014What journalists say about the future of media, September 14th. Retrieved on October 15, 2019 from http:\/\/www.mynewsdesk.com\/us\/mynewsdesk\/pressreleases\/fake-news-financial-uncertainty-and-lack-of-trust-what-journalists-say-about-the-future-of-media-2145386."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.2.2.175"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-1346.2012.00356.x","article-title":"Wizards under uncertainty: Cognitive biases, threat assessment, and misjudgments in policy making","volume":"40","author":"Norman E. R.","year":"2012","unstructured":"E. R. Norman and R. Delfin . 2012 . Wizards under uncertainty: Cognitive biases, threat assessment, and misjudgments in policy making . Politics & Policy 40 , 3 (2012), 371 -- 378 . E. R. Norman and R. Delfin. 2012. Wizards under uncertainty: Cognitive biases, threat assessment, and misjudgments in policy making. Politics & Policy 40, 3 (2012), 371--378.","journal-title":"Politics & Policy"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Cognitive Illusions: A Handbook on Fallacies and Biases in Thinking, Judgement and Memory. 79.","author":"Oswald M. E.","year":"2004","unstructured":"M. E. Oswald and S. Grosjean . 2004 . Confirmation bias. Cognitive Illusions: A Handbook on Fallacies and Biases in Thinking, Judgement and Memory. 79. M. E. Oswald and S. Grosjean. 2004. Confirmation bias. Cognitive Illusions: A Handbook on Fallacies and Biases in Thinking, Judgement and Memory. 79."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/255556"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","volume-title":"The filter bubble: How the new personalized web is changing what we read and how we think","author":"Pariser E.","unstructured":"E. Pariser . 2011. The filter bubble: How the new personalized web is changing what we read and how we think . New York , Penguin Press . E. Pariser. 2011. The filter bubble: How the new personalized web is changing what we read and how we think. New York, Penguin Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. C. Parkes and M. P. Wellman. 2015. Economic reasoning and artificial intelligence. Science 349 6245 (2015) 267--272.  D. C. Parkes and M. P. Wellman. 2015. Economic reasoning and artificial intelligence. Science 349 6245 (2015) 267--272.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa8403"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"PEGA.","year":"2018","unstructured":"PEGA. 2018 . What consumers really think about AI: A global study . Retrieved July 19, 2020 from https:\/\/www.pega.com\/ai-survey. PEGA. 2018. What consumers really think about AI: A global study. Retrieved July 19, 2020 from https:\/\/www.pega.com\/ai-survey."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2018.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.02.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","volume-title":"September. Retrieve on","author":"Research Pew","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pew Research . 2018 . News use across social media platforms , September. Retrieve on June 25, 2020 from http:\/\/www.journalism.org\/2018\/09\/10\/news-use-across-social-media-platforms-2018\/. Pew Research. 2018. News use across social media platforms, September. Retrieve on June 25, 2020 from http:\/\/www.journalism.org\/2018\/09\/10\/news-use-across-social-media-platforms-2018\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media.","author":"Ribeiro Filipe N.","unstructured":"Filipe N. Ribeiro , Lucas Henrique , Fabricio Benevenuto , Abhijnan Chakraborty , Juhi Kulshrestha , Mahmoudreza Babaei , and Krishna P. Gummadi . 2018. Media bias monitor: Quantifying biases of social media news outlets at large-scale . In Proceedings of the 12th International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media. Filipe N. Ribeiro, Lucas Henrique, Fabricio Benevenuto, Abhijnan Chakraborty, Juhi Kulshrestha, Mahmoudreza Babaei, and Krishna P. Gummadi. 2018. Media bias monitor: Quantifying biases of social media news outlets at large-scale. In Proceedings of the 12th International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"Retrieved on","author":"C.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pw C. 2017 . Consumer Intelligence Series: Bot.me . Retrieved on July 19, 2020 from https:\/\/pwc.to\/2suROx0. PwC. 2017. Consumer Intelligence Series: Bot.me. Retrieved on July 19, 2020 from https:\/\/pwc.to\/2suROx0."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.92.3.418","article-title":"Target and observer differences in the acceptance of questionable apologies","volume":"92","author":"Risen J. L.","year":"2007","unstructured":"J. L. Risen and T. Gilovich . 2007 . Target and observer differences in the acceptance of questionable apologies . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 92 , 3 (2007), 418 . J. L. Risen and T. Gilovich. 2007. Target and observer differences in the acceptance of questionable apologies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 92, 3 (2007), 418.","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2019.102127","article-title":"Conceptualising misinformation in the context of asylum seekers","volume":"57","author":"Ruokolainen H.","year":"2020","unstructured":"H. Ruokolainen and G. Wid\u00e9n . 2020 . Conceptualising misinformation in the context of asylum seekers . Information Processing and Management , 57 , 3 (2020), 102127 . H. Ruokolainen and G. Wid\u00e9n. 2020. Conceptualising misinformation in the context of asylum seekers. Information Processing and Management, 57, 3 (2020), 102127.","journal-title":"Information Processing and Management"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-017-0781-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","volume-title":"The idea of justice","author":"Sen A. K.","unstructured":"A. K. Sen . 2009. The idea of justice . Harvard University Press . A. K. Sen. 2009. The idea of justice. Harvard University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","unstructured":"L. Sherrod and J. Singer. 1979. The development of make-believe play. In Sports Games and Play J. Goldstein (Ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 1e28.  L. Sherrod and J. Singer. 1979. The development of make-believe play. In Sports Games and Play J. Goldstein (Ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 1e28."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","volume-title":"The New York Times","author":"Shane S.","year":"2017","unstructured":"S. Shane . 2017 . From headline to photograph, a fake news masterpiece . The New York Times , 2017. S. Shane. 2017. From headline to photograph, a fake news masterpiece. The New York Times, 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"BuzzFeed News","author":"Silverman C.","year":"2016","unstructured":"C. Silverman . 2016 . This analysis shows how viral fake election news stories outperformed real news on Facebook . BuzzFeed News , November 16, 2016. C. Silverman. 2016. This analysis shows how viral fake election news stories outperformed real news on Facebook. BuzzFeed News, November 16, 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","volume-title":"BuzzFeed News","author":"Silverman C.","year":"2016","unstructured":"C. Silverman and J. Singer-Vine . 2016. Most Americans who see fake news believe it, new survey says . BuzzFeed News , 2016 . C. Silverman and J. Singer-Vine. 2016. Most Americans who see fake news believe it, new survey says. BuzzFeed News, 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/288277"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077699016679975"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.36.11.1202"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21670811.2017.1360143"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.81.6.973"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3242734.3242740"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.43.1.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.2307\/257550","article-title":"Information processing as an integrating concept in organizational design","volume":"3","author":"Tushman M. L.","year":"1978","unstructured":"M. L. Tushman and D. A. Nadler . 1978 . Information processing as an integrating concept in organizational design . Academy of Management Review 3 , 3 (1978), 613 -- 624 . M. L. Tushman and D. A. Nadler. 1978. Information processing as an integrating concept in organizational design. Academy of Management Review 3, 3 (1978), 613--624.","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(73)90033-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Vaccari and A. Chadwick. 2020. Deepfakes and disinformation: Exploring the impact of synthetic political video on deception uncertainty and trust in news. Social Media+Society 6 1 (2020) 2056305120903408.  C. Vaccari and A. Chadwick. 2020. Deepfakes and disinformation: Exploring the impact of synthetic political video on deception uncertainty and trust in news. Social Media+Society 6 1 (2020) 2056305120903408.","DOI":"10.1177\/2056305120903408"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V. Venkatesh J. Y. Thong and X. Xu. 2012. Consumer acceptance and use of information technology: extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. MIS Quarterly 157--178.  V. Venkatesh J. Y. Thong and X. Xu. 2012. Consumer acceptance and use of information technology: extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. MIS Quarterly 157--178.","DOI":"10.2307\/41410412"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Vosoughi D. Roy and S. Aral. 2018. The spread of true and false news online. Science 359 6380 (2018) 1146--1151.  S. Vosoughi D. Roy and S. Aral. 2018. The spread of true and false news online. Science 359 6380 (2018) 1146--1151.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap9559"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlpt.2018.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","series-title":"Vol. 1","volume-title":"Economy and society: An outline of interpretive sociology","author":"Weber M.","unstructured":"M. Weber . 1978. Economy and society: An outline of interpretive sociology ( Vol. 1 ) . Univ of California Press . M. Weber. 1978. Economy and society: An outline of interpretive sociology (Vol. 1). Univ of California Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3377478"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","unstructured":"D. Zillmann and J. Bryant. 1985. Selective-exposure phenomena. Selective Exposure to Communication. 157--190.  D. Zillmann and J. Bryant. 1985. Selective-exposure phenomena. Selective Exposure to Communication. 157--190."}],"container-title":["Digital Threats: Research and Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3428157","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3428157","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T21:24:23Z","timestamp":1750195463000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3428157"}},"subtitle":["Social Media News, Psychological Biases, and AI"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3428157"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3428157","relation":{},"ISSN":["2692-1626","2576-5337"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2692-1626","type":"print"},{"value":"2576-5337","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-11-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}