{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:24:00Z","timestamp":1750220640021,"version":"3.41.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":33,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]],"date-time":"2020-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3428502.3428526","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T16:43:10Z","timestamp":1603989790000},"page":"176-179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluating privacy during the COVID-19 public health emergency"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Luis Felipe M.","family":"Ramos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"United Nations University (UNU-EGOV) &amp; JusGov\/Universidade do Minho, Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"March 17","author":"Research Taking","year":"2020","unstructured":"ABI Research . \" Taking Stock of Covid-19 : The Short- and Long-Term Ramifications on Technology and End Markets.\" White Paper , March 17 , 2020 . https:\/\/go.abiresearch.com\/lp-taking-stock-of-covid-19. ABI Research. \"Taking Stock of Covid-19: The Short- and Long-Term Ramifications on Technology and End Markets.\" White Paper, March 17, 2020. https:\/\/go.abiresearch.com\/lp-taking-stock-of-covid-19."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2018.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Cameras to Monitor Masks and Social Distancing","author":"Coronavirus France","year":"2020","unstructured":"BBC. \" Coronavirus France : Cameras to Monitor Masks and Social Distancing ,\" May 4, 2020 . https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-52529981. BBC. \"Coronavirus France: Cameras to Monitor Masks and Social Distancing,\" May 4, 2020. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-52529981."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Courtney Chris. \"COVID-19 and China's Health Code System.\" Somatosphere April 5 2020. http:\/\/somatosphere.net\/forumpost\/covid-19-china-health-code-system\/.  Courtney Chris. \"COVID-19 and China's Health Code System.\" Somatosphere April 5 2020. http:\/\/somatosphere.net\/forumpost\/covid-19-china-health-code-system\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2019.113114"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","first-page":"x2025","article-title":"Deciphering China's AI Dream","author":"Ding Jeffrey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ding , Jeffrey . \" Deciphering China's AI Dream .\" University of Oxford , March 2018 . https:\/\/www.d x2025 .com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/deciphering-chinas-ai-dream.pdf. Ding, Jeffrey. \"Deciphering China's AI Dream.\" University of Oxford, March 2018. https:\/\/www.dx2025.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/deciphering-chinas-ai-dream.pdf.","journal-title":"University of Oxford"},{"volume-title":"April 15, 2020. https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/health\/sites\/health\/files\/ehealth\/docs\/covid-19_apps_en.pdf.","author":"Health Network Mobile","key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"e Health Network . \" Mobile Applications to Support Contact Tracing in the Eu's Fight against COVTD-19.\" eHealth Network , April 15, 2020. https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/health\/sites\/health\/files\/ehealth\/docs\/covid-19_apps_en.pdf. eHealth Network. \"Mobile Applications to Support Contact Tracing in the Eu's Fight against COVTD-19.\" eHealth Network, April 15, 2020. https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/health\/sites\/health\/files\/ehealth\/docs\/covid-19_apps_en.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Official Journal of the European Union. 2020;63: 1--9","author":"European Commission. \"Communication from the Commission Guidance on Apps Supporting the Fight against COVTD 19 Pandemic in Relation to Data Protection 2020\/C 124 I\/01.","year":"2020","unstructured":"European Commission. \"Communication from the Commission Guidance on Apps Supporting the Fight against COVTD 19 Pandemic in Relation to Data Protection 2020\/C 124 I\/01. Official Journal of the European Union. 2020;63: 1--9 .,\" April 17, 2020 . European Commission. \"Communication from the Commission Guidance on Apps Supporting the Fight against COVTD 19 Pandemic in Relation to Data Protection 2020\/C 124 I\/01. Official Journal of the European Union. 2020;63: 1--9.,\" April 17, 2020."},{"volume-title":"April 21, 2020. https:\/\/edpb.europa.eu\/sites\/edpb\/files\/files\/file1\/edpb_guidelines_20200420_contact_tracing_covid_with_annex_en.pdf.","author":"Contact Tracing","key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"European Data Protection Board (EDPB). \"Guidelines 04\/2020 on the Use of Location Data and Contact Tracing Tools in the Context of the COVID-19 Outbreak.\" European Data Protection Board (EDPB) , April 21, 2020. https:\/\/edpb.europa.eu\/sites\/edpb\/files\/files\/file1\/edpb_guidelines_20200420_contact_tracing_covid_with_annex_en.pdf. European Data Protection Board (EDPB). \"Guidelines 04\/2020 on the Use of Location Data and Contact Tracing Tools in the Context of the COVID-19 Outbreak.\" European Data Protection Board (EDPB), April 21, 2020. https:\/\/edpb.europa.eu\/sites\/edpb\/files\/files\/file1\/edpb_guidelines_20200420_contact_tracing_covid_with_annex_en.pdf."},{"volume-title":"March 19, 2020. https:\/\/edpb.europa.eu\/sites\/edpb\/files\/files\/file1\/edpb_statement_2020_processingpersonaldataandcovid-19_en.pdf.","author":"Personal","key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"European Data Protection Board (EDPB). \"Statement on the Processing of Personal Data in the Context of the COVID-19 Outbreak.\" European Data Protection Board (EDPB) , March 19, 2020. https:\/\/edpb.europa.eu\/sites\/edpb\/files\/files\/file1\/edpb_statement_2020_processingpersonaldataandcovid-19_en.pdf. European Data Protection Board (EDPB). \"Statement on the Processing of Personal Data in the Context of the COVID-19 Outbreak.\" European Data Protection Board (EDPB), March 19, 2020. https:\/\/edpb.europa.eu\/sites\/edpb\/files\/files\/file1\/edpb_statement_2020_processingpersonaldataandcovid-19_en.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","article-title":"EXCLUSIF. Coronavirus: le plan d'Anne Hidalgo pour d\u00e9confiner Paris","author":"Gr\u00e9co Bertrand","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gr\u00e9co , Bertrand , and David Revault d' Allonnes . \" EXCLUSIF. Coronavirus: le plan d'Anne Hidalgo pour d\u00e9confiner Paris .\" Le Journal du Dimanche , April 18, 2020 . https:\/\/www.lejdd.fr\/JDD-Paris\/exclusif-coronavirus-le-plan-danne-hidalgo-pour-deconfiner-paris-3962789. Gr\u00e9co, Bertrand, and David Revault d'Allonnes. \"EXCLUSIF. Coronavirus: le plan d'Anne Hidalgo pour d\u00e9confiner Paris.\" Le Journal du Dimanche, April 18, 2020. https:\/\/www.lejdd.fr\/JDD-Paris\/exclusif-coronavirus-le-plan-danne-hidalgo-pour-deconfiner-paris-3962789.","journal-title":"Le Journal du Dimanche"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Habersetzer Nicola. \"Moscow Silently Expands Surveillance of Citizens.\" Human Rights Watch March 25 2020. https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2020\/03\/25\/moscow-silently-expands-surveillance-citizens.  Habersetzer Nicola. \"Moscow Silently Expands Surveillance of Citizens.\" Human Rights Watch March 25 2020. https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2020\/03\/25\/moscow-silently-expands-surveillance-citizens."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"States Use of Digital Surveillance Technologies to Fight Pandemic Must Respect Human Rights","author":"Human Rights Watch. \"Joint Civil Society Statement","year":"2020","unstructured":"Human Rights Watch. \"Joint Civil Society Statement : States Use of Digital Surveillance Technologies to Fight Pandemic Must Respect Human Rights ,\" April 2, 2020 . https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2020\/04\/02\/joint-civil-society-statement-states-use-digital-surveillance-technologies-fight. Human Rights Watch. \"Joint Civil Society Statement: States Use of Digital Surveillance Technologies to Fight Pandemic Must Respect Human Rights,\" April 2, 2020. https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2020\/04\/02\/joint-civil-society-statement-states-use-digital-surveillance-technologies-fight."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Intrusive Tracking App Wrongly Fines Muscovites","author":"Human Rights Watch Russia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Human Rights Watch . \" Russia : Intrusive Tracking App Wrongly Fines Muscovites ,\" May 21, 2020 . https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2020\/05\/21\/russia-intrusive-tracking-app-wrongly-fines-muscovites. Human Rights Watch. \"Russia: Intrusive Tracking App Wrongly Fines Muscovites,\" May 21, 2020. https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2020\/05\/21\/russia-intrusive-tracking-app-wrongly-fines-muscovites."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","article-title":"Moscow's 105,000 Facial Recognition Cameras Here to Stay as Country's Court System Entrenches Video Surveillance","author":"Ikeda Scott","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ikeda , Scott . \" Moscow's 105,000 Facial Recognition Cameras Here to Stay as Country's Court System Entrenches Video Surveillance .\" CPO Magazine , March 19, 2020 . https:\/\/www.cpomagazine.com\/data-privacy\/moscows-105000-facial-recognition-cameras-here-to-stay-as-countrys-court-system-entrenches-video-surveillance\/. Ikeda, Scott. \"Moscow's 105,000 Facial Recognition Cameras Here to Stay as Country's Court System Entrenches Video Surveillance.\" CPO Magazine, March 19, 2020. https:\/\/www.cpomagazine.com\/data-privacy\/moscows-105000-facial-recognition-cameras-here-to-stay-as-countrys-court-system-entrenches-video-surveillance\/.","journal-title":"CPO Magazine"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"2011 Second International Conference on Emerging Applications of Information Technology, 288--91","author":"Katiyar Kullai Reddy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Katiyar , Shivendra; Kullai Reddy Meka; Ferdous A . Barbhuiya; and Sukumar Nandi . \" Online Voting System Powered by Biometric Security Using Steganography .\" In 2011 Second International Conference on Emerging Applications of Information Technology, 288--91 . Kolkata, India : IEEE, 2011 . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EAIT.2011.70. 10.1109\/EAIT.2011.70 Katiyar, Shivendra; Kullai Reddy Meka; Ferdous A. Barbhuiya; and Sukumar Nandi. \"Online Voting System Powered by Biometric Security Using Steganography.\" In 2011 Second International Conference on Emerging Applications of Information Technology, 288--91. Kolkata, India: IEEE, 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EAIT.2011.70."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"\"A Biometric-Secure e-Voting System for Election Processes.\" In 2008 5th International Symposium on Mechatronics and Its Applications, 1--8","author":"Khasawneh Mohammad","year":"2008","unstructured":"Khasawneh , Mohammed; Mohammad Malkawi; Omar Al-Jarrah; Laith Barakat; Thaier S. Hayajneh; and Munzer S. Ebaid . \"A Biometric-Secure e-Voting System for Election Processes.\" In 2008 5th International Symposium on Mechatronics and Its Applications, 1--8 . Amman : IEEE , 2008 . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ISMA.2008.4648818. 10.1109\/ISMA.2008.4648818 Khasawneh, Mohammed; Mohammad Malkawi; Omar Al-Jarrah; Laith Barakat; Thaier S. Hayajneh; and Munzer S. Ebaid. \"A Biometric-Secure e-Voting System for Election Processes.\" In 2008 5th International Symposium on Mechatronics and Its Applications, 1--8. Amman: IEEE, 2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ISMA.2008.4648818."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Katholieke Universiteit Leuven","author":"Kindt Els J","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kindt , Els J . \" The Processing of Biometric Data : A Comparative Legal Analysis with a Focus on the Proportionality Principle and Recommendations for a Legal Framework.\" Tese de Doutoramento , Katholieke Universiteit Leuven , 2012 . Kindt, Els J. \"The Processing of Biometric Data: A Comparative Legal Analysis with a Focus on the Proportionality Principle and Recommendations for a Legal Framework.\" Tese de Doutoramento, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 2012."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2933241"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1527476419857682"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-4765(20)30083-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Marrow Alexander. \"Russian Court Rules in Favor of Facial Recognition over Privacy Claims.\" Reuters March 3 2020. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-russia-technology-facialrecognition\/russian-court-rules-in-favor-of-facial-recognition-over-privacy-claims-idUSKBN20Q29U.  Marrow Alexander. \"Russian Court Rules in Favor of Facial Recognition over Privacy Claims.\" Reuters March 3 2020. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-russia-technology-facialrecognition\/russian-court-rules-in-favor-of-facial-recognition-over-privacy-claims-idUSKBN20Q29U."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Application of Personal-Oriented Digital Technology in Preventing Transmission of COVID-19, China","author":"Pan Xiao-Ben","year":"1971","unstructured":"Pan , Xiao-Ben . \" Application of Personal-Oriented Digital Technology in Preventing Transmission of COVID-19, China .\" Irish Journal of Medical Science ( 1971 -), March 27 , 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11845-020-02215-5. 10.1007\/s11845-020-02215-5 Pan, Xiao-Ben. \"Application of Personal-Oriented Digital Technology in Preventing Transmission of COVID-19, China.\" Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -), March 27, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11845-020-02215-5.","journal-title":"Irish Journal of Medical Science ("},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-4765(20)30042-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"RosKomSvoboda. \"\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b \u0448\u043f\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043e\u0439.\" RosKomSvoboda April 1 2020. https:\/\/roskomsvoboda.org\/56900\/.  RosKomSvoboda. \"\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b \u0448\u043f\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043e\u0439.\" RosKomSvoboda April 1 2020. https:\/\/roskomsvoboda.org\/56900\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Overview.\" In Encyclopedia of Biometrics, edited by Stan Z. Li and Anil K. Jain, 289--94.","author":"Ross Anil K","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ross , Arun; and Anil K . Jain . \"Biometrics , Overview.\" In Encyclopedia of Biometrics, edited by Stan Z. Li and Anil K. Jain, 289--94. Boston, MA : Springer US , 2015 . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4899-7488-4_182. 10.1007\/978-1-4899-7488-4_182 Ross, Arun; and Anil K. Jain. \"Biometrics, Overview.\" In Encyclopedia of Biometrics, edited by Stan Z. Li and Anil K. Jain, 289--94. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4899-7488-4_182."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"Schumacher Elizabeth. \"Coronavirus Antibody Tests and Immunity Certificates Pose Ethical and Scientific Problems.\" Deutsche Welle April 14 2020. https:\/\/p.dw.com\/p\/3atNs.  Schumacher Elizabeth. \"Coronavirus Antibody Tests and Immunity Certificates Pose Ethical and Scientific Problems.\" Deutsche Welle April 14 2020. https:\/\/p.dw.com\/p\/3atNs."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369183X.2017.1401512"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/382042.382051"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"Vincent James. \"France Is Using AI to Check Whether People Are Wearing Masks on Public Transport.\" The Verge May 7 2020. https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2020\/5\/7\/21250357\/france-masks-public-transport-mandatory-ai-surveillance-camera-software.  Vincent James. \"France Is Using AI to Check Whether People Are Wearing Masks on Public Transport.\" The Verge May 7 2020. https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2020\/5\/7\/21250357\/france-masks-public-transport-mandatory-ai-surveillance-camera-software."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"Wighton Daniel and David Chazan. \"Germany Will Issue Coronavirus Antibody Certificates to Allow Quarantined to Re-Enter Society.\" The Telegraph March 29 2020. https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/2020\/03\/29\/germany-will-issue-coronavirus-antibody-certificates-allow-quarantined\/.  Wighton Daniel and David Chazan. \"Germany Will Issue Coronavirus Antibody Certificates to Allow Quarantined to Re-Enter Society.\" The Telegraph March 29 2020. https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/2020\/03\/29\/germany-will-issue-coronavirus-antibody-certificates-allow-quarantined\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MTS.2017.2728736"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"DC","author":"World Bank Annual Report","year":"2019","unstructured":"World Bank . \"Identification for Development (ID4D) 2019 Annual Report . \" Washington , DC , USA : World Bank Group , 2019 . http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/566431581578116247\/Identification-for-Development-ID4D-2019-Annual-Report. World Bank. \"Identification for Development (ID4D) 2019 Annual Report.\" Washington, DC, USA: World Bank Group, 2019. http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/566431581578116247\/Identification-for-Development-ID4D-2019-Annual-Report."}],"event":{"name":"ICEGOV 2020: 13th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance","sponsor":["University of the Aegean University of the Aegean"],"location":"Athens Greece","acronym":"ICEGOV 2020"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3428502.3428526","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3428502.3428526","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T22:02:03Z","timestamp":1750197723000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3428502.3428526"}},"subtitle":["the case of facial recognition technologies"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3428502.3428526","10.1145\/3428502"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3428502.3428526","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-10-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}