{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T13:50:12Z","timestamp":1783432212243,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["13\/RC\/2094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13\/RC\/2094"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/P01013X\/1, EP\/R013144\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/P01013X\/1, EP\/R013144\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Internet Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergence of ubiquitous computing (UbiComp) environments has increased the risk of undesired access to individuals\u2019 physical space or their information, anytime and anywhere, raising potentially serious privacy concerns. Individuals lack awareness and control of the vulnerabilities in everyday contexts and need support and care in regulating disclosures to their physical and digital selves. Existing GUI-based solutions, however, often feel physically interruptive, socially disruptive, time-consuming and cumbersome. To address such challenges, we investigate the user interaction experience and discuss the need for more tangible and embodied interactions for effective and seamless natural privacy management in everyday UbiComp settings. We propose the Privacy Care interaction framework, which is rooted in the literature of privacy management and tangible computing. Keeping users at the center,<jats:italic>Awareness<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Control<\/jats:italic>are established as the core parts of our framework. This is supported with three interrelated interaction tenets:<jats:italic>Direct, Ready-to-Hand,<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Contextual<\/jats:italic>. Direct refers to intuitiveness through metaphor usage. Ready-to-Hand supports granularity, non-intrusiveness, and ad hoc management, through periphery-to-center style attention transitions. Contextual supports customization through modularity and configurability. Together, they aim to provide experience of an embodied privacy care with varied interactions that are calming and yet actively empowering. The framework provides designers of such care with a basis to refer to, to generate effective tangible tools for privacy management in everyday settings.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Through five semi-structured focus groups, we explore the privacy challenges faced by a sample set of 15 older adults (aged 60+) across their cyber-physical-social spaces. The results show conformity to our framework, demonstrating the relevance of the facets of the framework to the design of privacy management tools in everyday UbiComp contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3430506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T17:10:32Z","timestamp":1612285832000},"page":"1-32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Privacy Care"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Vikram","family":"Mehta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computing and Communications, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Gooch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computing and Communications, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arosha","family":"Bandara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computing and Communications, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blaine","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computing and Communications, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bashar","family":"Nuseibeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computing and Communications, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK, 8 Lero, University of Limerick, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"The environment and social behavior: Privacy, personal space, territory, and crowding. ERIC","author":"Altman Irwin","year":"1975","unstructured":"Irwin Altman . 1975. The environment and social behavior: Privacy, personal space, territory, and crowding. ERIC ( 1975 ), 237. Retrieved from https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=ED131515. Irwin Altman. 1975. The environment and social behavior: Privacy, personal space, territory, and crowding. ERIC (1975), 237. Retrieved from https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=ED131515."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001391657600800102"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-014-0775-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2501604.2501616"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-6870(00)00031-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Ayah Bdeir. 2006. Random search. Retrieved from http:\/\/ayahbdeir.com\/work\/random-search\/. Ayah Bdeir. 2006. Random search. Retrieved from http:\/\/ayahbdeir.com\/work\/random-search\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2003.1203752"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-2094-4_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1067860.1067868"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Advances in Human-oriented and Personalized Mechanisms, Technologies, and Services. IEEE, 85--90","author":"Bunnig Christian","year":"2009","unstructured":"Christian Bunnig and Clemens H. Cap . 2009. Ad hoc privacy management in ubiquitous computing environments . In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Advances in Human-oriented and Personalized Mechanisms, Technologies, and Services. IEEE, 85--90 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CENTRIC. 2009 .20 Christian Bunnig and Clemens H. Cap. 2009. Ad hoc privacy management in ubiquitous computing environments. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Advances in Human-oriented and Personalized Mechanisms, Technologies, and Services. IEEE, 85--90. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CENTRIC.2009.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026540758900600201"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the tenth International Conference on Living, Working and Learning Beyond","author":"Chai Sangmi","unstructured":"Sangmi Chai , H. R. Rao , S. Bagchi-Sen , and S. Upadhyaya . 2008. \u201cWired\u201d senior citizens and online information policy . In Proceedings of the tenth International Conference on Living, Working and Learning Beyond . De Montfort University, Italy, 101. Retrieved from shorturl.at\/hEGJ2. Sangmi Chai, H. R. Rao, S. Bagchi-Sen, and S. Upadhyaya. 2008. \u201cWired\u201d senior citizens and online information policy. In Proceedings of the tenth International Conference on Living, Working and Learning Beyond. De Montfort University, Italy, 101. Retrieved from shorturl.at\/hEGJ2."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th Pre-ICIS Workshop on Information Security 8 Privacy (WISP\u201910)","author":"Chakraborty R.","year":"2009","unstructured":"R. Chakraborty , H. R. Rao , and S. J. Uphadhyahy . 2010. BANDES: an adaptive decision support system for protecting online privacy for senior citizen centers . In Proceedings of the 4th Pre-ICIS Workshop on Information Security 8 Privacy (WISP\u201910) - The Official Annual Workshop of Association of Information Systems SIG\/SEC. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.security-conference.org\/sigsec\/WISP 2009 papers\/4.pdf. R. Chakraborty, H. R. Rao, and S. J. Uphadhyahy. 2010. BANDES: an adaptive decision support system for protecting online privacy for senior citizen centers. In Proceedings of the 4th Pre-ICIS Workshop on Information Security 8 Privacy (WISP\u201910) - The Official Annual Workshop of Association of Information Systems SIG\/SEC. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.security-conference.org\/sigsec\/WISP2009papers\/4.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing: Adjunct. ACM Press, 1542--1547","author":"Colnago Jessica","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jessica Colnago and H\u00e9lio Guardia . 2016 . How to inform privacy agents on preferred level of user control? In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing: Adjunct. ACM Press, 1542--1547 . Jessica Colnago and H\u00e9lio Guardia. 2016. How to inform privacy agents on preferred level of user control? In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing: Adjunct. ACM Press, 1542--1547."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1054972.1054985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-006-0060-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Where the Action Is: The Foundations of Embodied Interaction","author":"Dourish Paul","unstructured":"Paul Dourish . 2001. Where the Action Is: The Foundations of Embodied Interaction . The MIT Press . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7551\/mitpress\/7221.001.0001 Paul Dourish. 2001. Where the Action Is: The Foundations of Embodied Interaction. The MIT Press. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7551\/mitpress\/7221.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2683467.2683475"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Blackwell","author":"Edge Darren","year":"2009","unstructured":"Darren Edge and Alan F . Blackwell . 2009 . Peripheral tangible interaction by analytic design. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Tangible and Embedded Interaction. ACM Press , 69. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1517664.1517687 Darren Edge and Alan F. Blackwell. 2009. Peripheral tangible interaction by analytic design. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Tangible and Embedded Interaction. ACM Press, 69. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1517664.1517687"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Workshop Secur. Priv. Issues Mob. Phone Use","author":"Eggen Berry","year":"2008","unstructured":"Berry Eggen , Koert van Mensvoort , David Menting , Emar Vegt , Wouter Widdershoven , and Rob Zimmermann . Soundscapes at workspace zero \u2013 Design explorations into the use of sound in a shared environment . Workshop Secur. Priv. Issues Mob. Phone Use ( 2008 ), 8. Retrieved from shorturl.at\/gJSWY. Berry Eggen, Koert van Mensvoort, David Menting, Emar Vegt, Wouter Widdershoven, and Rob Zimmermann. Soundscapes at workspace zero \u2013 Design explorations into the use of sound in a shared environment. Workshop Secur. Priv. Issues Mob. Phone Use (2008), 8. Retrieved from shorturl.at\/gJSWY."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Privacy attitudes and concerns in the digital lives of older adults: Westin's privacy attitude typology revisited. ArXiv Prepr. ArXiv180105047","author":"Elueze Isioma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Isioma Elueze and Anabel Quan-Haase . 2018. Privacy attitudes and concerns in the digital lives of older adults: Westin's privacy attitude typology revisited. ArXiv Prepr. ArXiv180105047 ( 2018 ). Isioma Elueze and Anabel Quan-Haase. 2018. Privacy attitudes and concerns in the digital lives of older adults: Westin's privacy attitude typology revisited. ArXiv Prepr. ArXiv180105047 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/344949.345004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Touch screen ensemble music: Collaborative interaction for older people with dementia","author":"Favilla Stu","unstructured":"Stu Favilla and Sonja Pedell . 2013. Touch screen ensemble music: Collaborative interaction for older people with dementia . ACM Press , 481--484. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2541016.2541088 Stu Favilla and Sonja Pedell. 2013. Touch screen ensemble music: Collaborative interaction for older people with dementia. ACM Press, 481--484. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2541016.2541088"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2335356.2335360"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Marquart Franz, and Roy Oberhauser.","author":"Ferscha Alois","year":"2004","unstructured":"Alois Ferscha , Manfred Hechinger , Rene Mayrhofer , Marcos dos Santos Rocha , Marquart Franz, and Roy Oberhauser. 2004 . Digital aura. (2004). Retrieved from http:\/\/pervasive2004.soft.uni-linz.ac.at\/Research\/Publications\/_Documents\/DigitalAura-ferscha2004.pdf. Alois Ferscha, Manfred Hechinger, Rene Mayrhofer, Marcos dos Santos Rocha, Marquart Franz, and Roy Oberhauser. 2004. Digital aura. (2004). Retrieved from http:\/\/pervasive2004.soft.uni-linz.ac.at\/Research\/Publications\/_Documents\/DigitalAura-ferscha2004.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03601270802243697"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception: Classic Edition","author":"Gibson James J.","unstructured":"James J. Gibson . 2014. The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception: Classic Edition . Psychology Press . James J. Gibson. 2014. The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception: Classic Edition. Psychology Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01540552"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Proc. Workshop Embodied Interact. Theory Pract. HCI Conjunction 29th ACM Int. Conf. Hum. Factors Comput. Syst. CHI 2011","author":"Hausen Doris","year":"2011","unstructured":"Doris Hausen and Andreas Butz . Extending Interaction to the Periphery . Proc. Workshop Embodied Interact. Theory Pract. HCI Conjunction 29th ACM Int. Conf. Hum. Factors Comput. Syst. CHI 2011 ( 2011 ), 5. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.medien.ifi.lmu.de\/forschung\/publikationen\/detail. Doris Hausen and Andreas Butz. Extending Interaction to the Periphery. Proc. Workshop Embodied Interact. Theory Pract. HCI Conjunction 29th ACM Int. Conf. Hum. Factors Comput. Syst. CHI 2011 (2011), 5. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.medien.ifi.lmu.de\/forschung\/publikationen\/detail."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Being and Time: A Translation of Sein und Zeit","author":"Heidegger Martin","unstructured":"Martin Heidegger . 1996. Being and Time: A Translation of Sein und Zeit . SUNY Press . Martin Heidegger. 1996. Being and Time: A Translation of Sein und Zeit. SUNY Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1124772.1124838"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1709886.1709906"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1226969.1226996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intcom.2010.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1347390.1347392"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/258549.258715"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJART.2009.029240"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2015.07.121"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1851600.1851690"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason","author":"Johnson Mark","unstructured":"Mark Johnson . 2013. The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason . University of Chicago Press. Mark Johnson. 2013. The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason. University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Lowering the threshold: reconnecting elderly users with assistive technology through tangible interfaces","author":"Joshi Suhas Govind","unstructured":"Suhas Govind Joshi and Heidi Br\u00e5then . 2016. Lowering the threshold: reconnecting elderly users with assistive technology through tangible interfaces . Springer , 52--63. Retrieved from https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-39943-0_6. Suhas Govind Joshi and Heidi Br\u00e5then. 2016. Lowering the threshold: reconnecting elderly users with assistive technology through tangible interfaces. Springer, 52--63. Retrieved from https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-39943-0_6."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","unstructured":"Daniel Kahneman. 1973. Attention and Effort. Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs N.J. Retrieved from http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.398.52858rep=rep18type=pdf. Daniel Kahneman. 1973. Attention and Effort. Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs N.J. Retrieved from http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.398.52858rep=rep18type=pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-72037-9_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM Press, 10","author":"Klasnja Predrag","year":"1870","unstructured":"Predrag Klasnja , Sunny Consolvo , Jaeyeon Jung , Benjamin M. Greenstein , Louis LeGrand , Pauline Powledge , and David Wetherall . \u201c When I am on Wi-Fi, I am Fearless\u201d: Privacy Concerns 8 Practices in Everyday Wi-Fi Use . In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM Press, 10 . Retrieved from https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1145\/15 1870 1.1519004 Predrag Klasnja, Sunny Consolvo, Jaeyeon Jung, Benjamin M. Greenstein, Louis LeGrand, Pauline Powledge, and David Wetherall. \u201cWhen I am on Wi-Fi, I am Fearless\u201d: Privacy Concerns 8 Practices in Everyday Wi-Fi Use. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM Press, 10. Retrieved from https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1145\/1518701.1519004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"Krueger and Mary Anne Casey","author":"Richard","year":"2014","unstructured":"Richard A. Krueger and Mary Anne Casey . 2014 . Focus Groups : A Practical Guide for Applied Research. Sage Publications . Richard A. Krueger and Mary Anne Casey. 2014. Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. Sage Publications."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"Privacy indexes: a survey of Westin's studies","author":"Kumaraguru Ponnurangam","unstructured":"Ponnurangam Kumaraguru and Lorrie Faith Cranor . 2005. Privacy indexes: a survey of Westin's studies . Carnegie Mellon University, School of Computer Science, Institute for Software Research International . Retrieved from http:\/\/repository.cmu.edu\/isr\/856\/. Ponnurangam Kumaraguru and Lorrie Faith Cranor. 2005. Privacy indexes: a survey of Westin's studies. Carnegie Mellon University, School of Computer Science, Institute for Software Research International. Retrieved from http:\/\/repository.cmu.edu\/isr\/856\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Socially Informed Design of Privacy-enhancing Solutions in Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp\u201902)","author":"Langheinrich Marc","year":"2002","unstructured":"Marc Langheinrich . 2002 . Privacy invasions in ubiquitous computing . In Proceedings of the Workshop on Socially Informed Design of Privacy-enhancing Solutions in Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp\u201902) . Citeseer. Retrieved from http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.6.67438rep=rep18type=pdf. Marc Langheinrich. 2002. Privacy invasions in ubiquitous computing. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Socially Informed Design of Privacy-enhancing Solutions in Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp\u201902). Citeseer. Retrieved from http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.6.67438rep=rep18type=pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Designing Disclosure: Interactive Personal Privacy at the Dawn of Ubiquitous Computing. Unpublished Master's Thesis","author":"Lederer Scott","year":"2003","unstructured":"Scott Lederer . 2003 . Designing Disclosure: Interactive Personal Privacy at the Dawn of Ubiquitous Computing. Unpublished Master's Thesis . University of CalifIfornia , Berkeley. Retrieved from Eduprojectsiopublicationsprivacy-Lederer-Msreport-101-No-Append.Pdf. Scott Lederer. 2003. Designing Disclosure: Interactive Personal Privacy at the Dawn of Ubiquitous Computing. Unpublished Master's Thesis. University of CalifIfornia, Berkeley. Retrieved from Eduprojectsiopublicationsprivacy-Lederer-Msreport-101-No-Append.Pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"A Conceptual Model and a Metaphor of Everyday Privacy in Ubiquitous Computing Environments. Computer Science Division","author":"Lederer Scott","unstructured":"Scott Lederer , Anind K Dey , and Jennifer Mankoff . 2002. A Conceptual Model and a Metaphor of Everyday Privacy in Ubiquitous Computing Environments. Computer Science Division , University of California . Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cs.cmu.edu\/~io\/publications\/old-pubs\/privacy-techreport02.pdf. Scott Lederer, Anind K Dey, and Jennifer Mankoff. 2002. A Conceptual Model and a Metaphor of Everyday Privacy in Ubiquitous Computing Environments. Computer Science Division, University of California. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cs.cmu.edu\/~io\/publications\/old-pubs\/privacy-techreport02.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-007-0163-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1452392.1452447"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2370216.2370290"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","volume-title":"Proc. MobileHCI. ACM, 4.","author":"Loclair Christian","year":"2010","unstructured":"Christian Loclair , Sean Gustafson , and Patrick Baudisch . 2010 . PinchWatch: A Wearable Device for One-Handed Microinteractions . In Proc. MobileHCI. ACM, 4. Retrieved from http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.453.60528rep=rep18type=pdf. Christian Loclair, Sean Gustafson, and Patrick Baudisch. 2010. PinchWatch: A Wearable Device for One-Handed Microinteractions. In Proc. MobileHCI. ACM, 4. Retrieved from http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.453.60528rep=rep18type=pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"Privacy Online","author":"Maa\u00df Wiebke","unstructured":"Wiebke Maa\u00df . 2011. The elderly and the Internet: How senior citizens deal with online privacy . In Privacy Online . Springer , 235--249. Retrieved from https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-642-21521-6_17. Wiebke Maa\u00df. 2011. The elderly and the Internet: How senior citizens deal with online privacy. In Privacy Online. Springer, 235--249. Retrieved from https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-642-21521-6_17."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI'00","author":"Paul","year":"2040","unstructured":"Paul P. Maglio and Christopher S. Campbell. 2000. Tradeoffs in displaying peripheral information . In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI'00 . ACM Press, The Hague, The Netherlands, 241--248. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/33 2040 .332438 Paul P. Maglio and Christopher S. Campbell. 2000. Tradeoffs in displaying peripheral information. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI'00. ACM Press, The Hague, The Netherlands, 241--248. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/332040.332438"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI\u201910)","author":"McCarthy John","year":"2010","unstructured":"John McCarthy and Peter Wright . 2010 . The critical potential of experience in experience-centered design . In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI\u201910) . ACM Press, 6. John McCarthy and Peter Wright. 2010. The critical potential of experience in experience-centered design. In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI\u201910). ACM Press, 6."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","unstructured":"Vikram Mehta. 2020. Privacy Care\u2014Study repository. Retrieved from https:\/\/github.com\/PrivacyCare\/Study. Vikram Mehta. 2020. Privacy Care\u2014Study repository. Retrieved from https:\/\/github.com\/PrivacyCare\/Study."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","volume-title":"Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Mehta Vikram","unstructured":"Vikram Mehta , Arosha K. Bandara , Blaine A. Price , and Bashar Nuseibeh . 2016. Privacy itch and scratch: On body privacy warnings and controls . In Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems . ACM Press , 2417--2424. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2851581.2892475 Vikram Mehta, Arosha K. Bandara, Blaine A. Price, and Bashar Nuseibeh. 2016. Privacy itch and scratch: On body privacy warnings and controls. In Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM Press, 2417--2424. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2851581.2892475"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Meeting. SAGE Publications","author":"Melenhorst Anne-Sophie","year":"1931","unstructured":"Anne-Sophie Melenhorst , Arthur D. Fisk , Elizabeth D. Mynatt , and Wendy A. Rogers . 2004. Potential intrusiveness of aware home technology: Perceptions of older adults . In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Meeting. SAGE Publications , Los Angeles, CA, 266--270. Retrieved from https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/154 1931 20404800209. Anne-Sophie Melenhorst, Arthur D. Fisk, Elizabeth D. Mynatt, and Wendy A. Rogers. 2004. Potential intrusiveness of aware home technology: Perceptions of older adults. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Meeting. SAGE Publications, Los Angeles, CA, 266--270. Retrieved from https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/154193120404800209."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2534903.2534920"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","volume-title":"Mynatt","author":"Nguyen David H.","year":"2002","unstructured":"David H. Nguyen and Elizabeth D . Mynatt . 2002 . Privacy Mirrors : Understanding and Shaping Socio-technical Ubiquitous Computing Systems. Georgia Institute of Technology . Retrieved from http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1853\/3268. David H. Nguyen and Elizabeth D. Mynatt. 2002. Privacy Mirrors: Understanding and Shaping Socio-technical Ubiquitous Computing Systems. Georgia Institute of Technology. Retrieved from http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1853\/3268."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-23771-3_36"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","unstructured":"Leysia Palen and Paul Dourish. Unpacking \u201cprivacy\u201d for a networked world. 8. Leysia Palen and Paul Dourish. Unpacking \u201cprivacy\u201d for a networked world. 8."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"Universal Acess in Human Computer Interaction. Coping with Diversity","author":"Pastel Robert","unstructured":"Robert Pastel , Charles Wallace , and Jesse Heines . 2007. RFID Cards: A New Deal for Elderly Accessibility . In Universal Acess in Human Computer Interaction. Coping with Diversity , Constantine Stephanidis (Ed.). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin , Heidelberg , 990--999. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-73279-2_111 Robert Pastel, Charles Wallace, and Jesse Heines. 2007. RFID Cards: A New Deal for Elderly Accessibility. In Universal Acess in Human Computer Interaction. Coping with Diversity, Constantine Stephanidis (Ed.). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 990--999. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-73279-2_111"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","unstructured":"James Ponsoldt. 2017. The Circle. Retrieved from http:\/\/thecircle.movie. James Ponsoldt. 2017. The Circle. Retrieved from http:\/\/thecircle.movie."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","volume-title":"Drone-based Privacy Interfaces: Opportunities and Challenges. In Twelfth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS), 4.","author":"Schaub Florian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Florian Schaub and Pascal Knierim . 2016 . Drone-based Privacy Interfaces: Opportunities and Challenges. In Twelfth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS), 4. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/system\/files\/conference\/soups2016\/wfpn16-paper_schaub.pdf. Florian Schaub and Pascal Knierim. 2016. Drone-based Privacy Interfaces: Opportunities and Challenges. In Twelfth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS), 4. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/system\/files\/conference\/soups2016\/wfpn16-paper_schaub.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Seventh Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS). ACM Press, 1. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10","author":"Schlegel Roman","year":"2078","unstructured":"Roman Schlegel , Apu Kapadia , and Adam J. Lee . 2011. Eyeing your exposure: quantifying and controlling information sharing for improved privacy . In Proceedings of the Seventh Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS). ACM Press, 1. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10 .1145\/ 2078 827.2078846 Roman Schlegel, Apu Kapadia, and Adam J. Lee. 2011. Eyeing your exposure: quantifying and controlling information sharing for improved privacy. In Proceedings of the Seventh Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS). ACM Press, 1. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2078827.2078846"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0097-8493(99)00120-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X05004423"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/9781601983299"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","first-page":"1993","article-title":"1.1 direct manipulation: A step beyond programming languages","volume":"17","author":"Shneiderman Ben","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ben Shneiderman . 1993 . 1.1 direct manipulation: A step beyond programming languages . Sparks Innov. Hum.-Comput. Interact. 17 (1993), 1993 . Ben Shneiderman. 1993. 1.1 direct manipulation: A step beyond programming languages. Sparks Innov. Hum.-Comput. Interact. 17 (1993), 1993.","journal-title":"Sparks Innov. Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J031v14n03_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrew Sixsmith. 1986. Independence and home in later life. In Dependency and Interdependency in Old Age: Theoretical Perspectives and Policy Alternatives. Croom Helm London 338--347. Andrew Sixsmith. 1986. Independence and home in later life. In Dependency and Interdependency in Old Age: Theoretical Perspectives and Policy Alternatives. Croom Helm London 338--347.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781032715940-31"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2023607.2023660"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","volume-title":"World population ageing","author":"United Nations. 2017.","year":"2017","unstructured":"United Nations. 2017. World population ageing , 2017 highlights. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/development\/desa\/population\/publications\/pdf\/ageing\/WPA2017_Highlights.pdf. United Nations. 2017. World population ageing, 2017 highlights. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/development\/desa\/population\/publications\/pdf\/ageing\/WPA2017_Highlights.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2669485.2669522"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","volume-title":"Touch-and-guard: secure pairing through hand resonance","author":"Wang Wei","unstructured":"Wei Wang , Lin Yang , and Qian Zhang . 2016. Touch-and-guard: secure pairing through hand resonance . ACM Press , 670--681. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2971648.2971688 Wei Wang, Lin Yang, and Qian Zhang. 2016. Touch-and-guard: secure pairing through hand resonance. ACM Press, 670--681. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2971648.2971688"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","unstructured":"Mark Weiser and John Seely Brown. 1996. Designing Calm Technology. PowerGrid J. 1 (1996) 5. Retrieved from http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.135.97888rep=rep18type=pdf. Mark Weiser and John Seely Brown. 1996. Designing Calm Technology. PowerGrid J. 1 (1996) 5. Retrieved from http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.135.97888rep=rep18type=pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Designing Interactive Systems: Processes, Practices, Methods, and Techniques. ACM, 177--184","author":"Wensveen Stephan A. G.","unstructured":"Stephan A. G. Wensveen , Johan Partomo Djajadiningrat , and C. J. Overbeeke . 2004. Interaction frogger: a design framework to couple action and function through feedback and feedforward . In Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Designing Interactive Systems: Processes, Practices, Methods, and Techniques. ACM, 177--184 . Retrieved from https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1145\/1013115.1013140. Stephan A. G. Wensveen, Johan Partomo Djajadiningrat, and C. J. Overbeeke. 2004. Interaction frogger: a design framework to couple action and function through feedback and feedforward. In Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Designing Interactive Systems: Processes, Practices, Methods, and Techniques. ACM, 177--184. Retrieved from https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1145\/1013115.1013140."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008X288394"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2200\/S00229ED1V01Y201003HCI009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","volume-title":"Mobile app development and usability research to help dementia and Alzheimer patients","author":"Yamagata Christina","unstructured":"Christina Yamagata , Jean F. Coppola , Marc Kowtko , and Shannon Joyce . 2013. Mobile app development and usability research to help dementia and Alzheimer patients . IEEE , 1--6. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/LISAT.2013.6578252 Christina Yamagata, Jean F. Coppola, Marc Kowtko, and Shannon Joyce. 2013. Mobile app development and usability research to help dementia and Alzheimer patients. IEEE, 1--6. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/LISAT.2013.6578252"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240704"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2007 Annual Research Conference of the South African Institute of Computer Scientists and Information Technologists on IT Research in Developing Countries - SAICSIT'07","author":"Zukowski Tomasz","unstructured":"Tomasz Zukowski and Irwin Brown . 2007. Examining the influence of demographic factors on internet users' information privacy concerns . In Proceedings of the 2007 Annual Research Conference of the South African Institute of Computer Scientists and Information Technologists on IT Research in Developing Countries - SAICSIT'07 . ACM Press , Port Elizabeth , South Africa, 197--204. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1292491.1292514 Tomasz Zukowski and Irwin Brown. 2007. Examining the influence of demographic factors on internet users' information privacy concerns. In Proceedings of the 2007 Annual Research Conference of the South African Institute of Computer Scientists and Information Technologists on IT Research in Developing Countries - SAICSIT'07. ACM Press, Port Elizabeth, South Africa, 197--204. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1292491.1292514"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Internet Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3430506","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3430506","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T22:38:57Z","timestamp":1750199937000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3430506"}},"subtitle":["A Tangible Interaction Framework for Privacy Management"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3430506"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3430506","relation":{},"ISSN":["1533-5399","1557-6051"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1533-5399","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-6051","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-06-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-02-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}