{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T21:33:26Z","timestamp":1779140006948,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"DOT US Department of Transportation, Research and Innovation Technology Administration","award":["DTRT13-G-UTC53"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DTRT13-G-UTC53"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BCS-1251694 CNS-1305131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCS-1251694 CNS-1305131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Appl. Percept."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated how people coordinate their decisions and actions with a risky or safe computer-generated agent in a humanoid or non-humanoid form and how this experience influences later behavior when acting alone. In Experiment 1, participants first repeatedly crossed continuous traffic in a virtual environment with a humanoid computer-generated agent (Figure 1). Participants were specifically instructed to cross with an agent that was programmed to be either safe (taking only large gaps) or risky (also taking relatively small gaps). Participants then repeatedly crossed the same roadway alone. We found that participants\u2019 experiences with crossing safe vs. risky gaps with an agent persisted in later trials when the participants crossed alone, such that participants accepted tighter gaps if they were previously paired with a risky than a safe agent.\u00a0 In Experiment 2 (Figure 2), we tested whether experience crossing with a risky or safe non-humanoid object (a floating box) also influenced later behavior when crossing alone. We again found that participants who crossed with the risky object partner took tighter gaps when later crossing alone than those who crossed with the safe object partner. The Discussion focuses on the impact of experiences with virtual agents on perception\u2013action tuning and the potential of using virtual agents for training safe road-crossing behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3431923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T05:08:46Z","timestamp":1609477726000},"page":"1-16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Crossing Roads with a Computer-generated Agent"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Information Systems, California State University\u2014San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, US"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth E.","family":"O'Neal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychological and Brain Sciences, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiwen","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychological and Brain Sciences, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jodie M.","family":"Plumert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychological and Brain Sciences, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph K.","family":"Kearney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2009.211"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2019.2899232"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3200\/35-08-095"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/129888.129892"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p6712"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2012.655430"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arq141"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-012-3261-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception","author":"Gibson James J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00224540109600562"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3147884"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2931002.2931003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Jodie M. 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