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In line with this effort, we design a novel driver authentication system using automotive batteries, called Batteries-as-Authenticators (BAuth), to mitigate the limitations of key-based solutions by providing a second-factor authentication. BAuth is an add-on module installed between vehicles and their batteries, which uses the batteries as sensors to validate drivers' identities and actuators to enable\/disable the cranking of vehicle's engine. We have prototyped and evaluated BAuth on 6 regular\/hybrid\/electric vehicles. Our evaluation shows BAuth to authenticate the drivers with a 98.17 (2.84)% averaged true (false) positive rates and tolerate the dynamics caused by the aging\/temperature\/state-of-charge of batteries. Our user study corroborates BAuth's attractiveness to car owners.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3432198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T15:39:14Z","timestamp":1608305954000},"page":"1-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Authenticating Drivers Using Automotive Batteries"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Liang","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanchao","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research, Microsoft Building, Redmond, WA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youngmoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehakro Sangnokgu, Ansansi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongyao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kang G.","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"2015. 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