{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:55:40Z","timestamp":1774572940935,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]],"date-time":"2021-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Cyber-Phys. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Increasing real estate and other infrastructure costs have resulted in the trend of co-working offices where users pay as they use for individual desks. Co-working offices that provide personalized comfort need to address users with potentially widely varying thermal comfort preferences. Providing personalized comfort in cabins separated by physical partitions with neighboring thermal zones or open-plan offices with a single actuator has received attention in the literature. In this article, the problem of minimizing user discomfort in open-plan co-working offices with multiple actuators while being cognizant of the energy consumed is considered. Specifically, the decision problems of assigning users to desks based on their thermal preferences and jointly controlling the multiple actuators are addressed. The non-linearities in the underlying thermodynamic constraints and the seating decision together make the problem computationally hard. A two-step heuristic that addresses these issues is presented. First, using a model that accounts for spatio-temporal thermodynamics, a one-time assignment of users to desks is performed that reduces the thermal resistance faced by the HVAC systems to provide the preferred comfort levels. Next, the setpoints are decided for all actuators to jointly minimize user discomfort by optimization and model-predictive control. Further, scalability is addressed by clustering user preferences and the associated HVAC actuators\u2019 setpoints for the cases where a large number of actuators may be present in the room.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3432818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]],"date-time":"2021-01-04T14:32:32Z","timestamp":1609770752000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["User Placement and Optimal Cooling Energy for Co-working Building Spaces"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Srinarayana","family":"Nagarathinam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research 8 Innovation, Tata Consultancy Services, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arunchandar","family":"Vasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research 8 Innovation, Tata Consultancy Services, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Venkatesh","family":"Sarangan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research 8 Innovation, Tata Consultancy Services, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Jayaprakash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research 8 Innovation, Tata Consultancy Services, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anand","family":"Sivasubramaniam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2017\/03\/smart-building-amsterdam-the-edgesustainability\/. https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2017\/03\/smart-building-amsterdam-the-edgesustainability\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/features\/2015-the-edge-the-worlds-greenest-building\/. https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/features\/2015-the-edge-the-worlds-greenest-building\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"The MathWorks","author":"Statistics Toolbox Release MATLAB","unstructured":"MATLAB and Statistics Toolbox Release . 2011. The MathWorks , Inc., Natick, MA. MATLAB and Statistics Toolbox Release. 2011. The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1878431.1878433"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2013.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2528282.2528304"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2517351.2517370"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2674061.2674072"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.01.187"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2013.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach","author":"Cengel Y. A.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Y. A. Cengel and M. A. Boles . 2015 . Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach . McGraw-Hill . Y. A. Cengel and M. A. Boles. 2015. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach. McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2014.07.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protcy.2013.12.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2461381.2461407"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2422531.2422534"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3137133.3137156"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Thermal Comfort: Analysis and Applications in Environmental Engineering","author":"Fanger P. O.","year":"1970","unstructured":"P. O. Fanger . 1970 . Thermal Comfort: Analysis and Applications in Environmental Engineering . McGraw-Hill . P. O. Fanger. 1970. Thermal Comfort: Analysis and Applications in Environmental Engineering. McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2487166.2487193"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Institute of Refrigeration. 31--41","author":"Gosney W. B.","unstructured":"W. B. Gosney and G. A. Olama . 1975. Heat and enthalpy gains through cold room doorways . In Proceedings of the Institute of Refrigeration. 31--41 . W. B. Gosney and G. A. Olama. 1975. Heat and enthalpy gains through cold room doorways. In Proceedings of the Institute of Refrigeration. 31--41."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2013.01.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.3182\/20140824-6-ZA-1003.00822","article-title":"Building temperature control with active occupant feedback","volume":"47","author":"Gupta S. K.","year":"2014","unstructured":"S. K. Gupta , Koushik Kar , Sandipan Mishra , and J. T. Wen . 2014 . Building temperature control with active occupant feedback . In IFAC Proceedings , vol. 47. 851 -- 856 . S. K. Gupta, Koushik Kar, Sandipan Mishra, and J. T. Wen. 2014. Building temperature control with active occupant feedback. In IFAC Proceedings, vol. 47. 851--856.","journal-title":"IFAC Proceedings"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2528282.2528286"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","first-page":"1118","article-title":"Development and testing of a reformulated regression-based electric chiller model","volume":"108","author":"Hydeman Mark","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mark Hydeman , N. Webb , Priya Sreedharan , and Steve Blanc . 2002 . Development and testing of a reformulated regression-based electric chiller model . ASHRAE Transactions 108 , 2 (2002), 1118 -- 1127 . Mark Hydeman, N. Webb, Priya Sreedharan, and Steve Blanc. 2002. Development and testing of a reformulated regression-based electric chiller model. ASHRAE Transactions 108, 2 (2002), 1118--1127.","journal-title":"ASHRAE Transactions"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2019.04.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3137133.3137142"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2017.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2015.02.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2602044.2602067"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2019.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app9091768"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCST.2014.2313736"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2528282.2528299"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprocont.2018.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2993422.2993578"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.01.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3276774.3276781"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2016.10.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2011-015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2014.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"18th IFAC World Congress. 4576--4581","author":"Zajic I.","unstructured":"I. Zajic , T. Larkowski , D. Hill , and K. J. Burnham . 2011. Energy consumption analysis of HVAC system with respect to zone temperature and humidity set-point . In 18th IFAC World Congress. 4576--4581 . I. Zajic, T. Larkowski, D. Hill, and K. J. Burnham. 2011. Energy consumption analysis of HVAC system with respect to zone temperature and humidity set-point. In 18th IFAC World Congress. 4576--4581."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3360322.3360842"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3432818","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3432818","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T20:47:11Z","timestamp":1750193231000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3432818"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3432818"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3432818","relation":{},"ISSN":["2378-962X","2378-9638"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2378-962X","type":"print"},{"value":"2378-9638","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-01-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-04","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}