{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T13:42:01Z","timestamp":1768570921598,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"CSCW3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]],"date-time":"2021-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>As colleges and universities continue their commitment to increasing access to higher education through offering education online and at scale, attention on teaching open-ended subjects online and at scale, mainly the arts, humanities, and the social sciences, remains limited. While existing work in scaling open-ended courses primarily focuses on the evaluation and feedback of open-ended assignments, there is a lack of understanding of how to effectively teach open-ended, university-level courses at scale. To better understand the needs of teaching large-scale, open-ended courses online effectively in a university setting, we conducted a mixed-methods study with university instructors and students, using surveys and interviews, and identified five critical pedagogical elements that distinguish the teaching and learning experiences in an open-ended course from that in a non-open-ended course. An overarching theme for the five elements was the need to support students' self-expression. We further uncovered open challenges and opportunities when incorporating the five critical pedagogical elements into large-scale, open-ended courses online in a university setting, and suggested six future research directions: (1) facilitate in-depth conversations, (2) create a studio-friendly environment, (3) adapt to open-ended assessment, (4) scale individual open-ended feedback, (5) establish trust for self-expression, and (6) personalize instruction and harness the benefits of student diversity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3432915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]],"date-time":"2021-01-05T18:43:37Z","timestamp":1609872217000},"page":"1-37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["\"It's all about conversation\""],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Tiffany Wenting","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"}]},{"given":"Karrie","family":"Karahalios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"}]},{"given":"Hari","family":"Sundaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40814-4_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S104807"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-23985-4_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"40","article-title":"Assessing writing in moocs: automated essay scoring and calibrated peer review?","volume":"8","author":"Balfour Stephen P","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stephen P Balfour . 2013 . Assessing writing in moocs: automated essay scoring and calibrated peer review? . Research & Practice in Assessment , 8 , 40 -- 48 . Stephen P Balfour. 2013. Assessing writing in moocs: automated essay scoring and calibrated peer review?. Research & Practice in Assessment, 8, 40--48.","journal-title":"Research & Practice in Assessment"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"141","article-title":"The wisconsin school of the air: success story with implications","volume":"5","author":"Bianchi William","year":"2002","unstructured":"William Bianchi . 2002 . The wisconsin school of the air: success story with implications . Journal of Educational Technology & Society , 5 , 1, 141 -- 147 . William Bianchi. 2002. The wisconsin school of the air: success story with implications. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 5, 1, 141--147.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Technology & Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Inquiry-based learning for the arts, humanities and social sciences: A conceptual and practical resource for educators","author":"Blessinger Patrick","unstructured":"Patrick Blessinger and John M Carfora . 2014. Inquiry-based learning for the arts, humanities and social sciences: A conceptual and practical resource for educators . Emerald Group Publishing . Patrick Blessinger and John M Carfora. 2014. Inquiry-based learning for the arts, humanities and social sciences: A conceptual and practical resource for educators. Emerald Group Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Benjamin S Bloom etal 1956. Taxonomy of educational objectives. vol. 1: cognitive domain. New York: McKay 20--24. Benjamin S Bloom et al. 1956. Taxonomy of educational objectives. vol. 1: cognitive domain. New York: McKay 20--24."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"College Board. 2020. Quick guide: types of college courses. https:\/\/bigfuture.collegeboard.org\/find-colleges\/academiclife\/quick-guide-types-of-college-courses. (2020). College Board. 2020. Quick guide: types of college courses. https:\/\/bigfuture.collegeboard.org\/find-colleges\/academiclife\/quick-guide-types-of-college-courses. (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Sorana Bolboac- J\u00c3 Lorentz etal 2007. Computer-based testing on physical chemistry topic: a case study. International Journal of Education and Development using ICT 3 1. Sorana Bolboac- J\u00c3 Lorentz et al. 2007. Computer-based testing on physical chemistry topic: a case study. International Journal of Education and Development using ICT 3 1."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2556325.2566243"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173868"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02602930801895786"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Bernard CY Tan, and Kiruthika Ragupathi","author":"Chandrasekaran Muthu Kumar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Muthu Kumar Chandrasekaran , Min-Yen Kan , Bernard CY Tan, and Kiruthika Ragupathi . 2015 . Learning instructor intervention from mooc forums: early results and issues. arXiv preprint arXiv:1504.07206. Muthu Kumar Chandrasekaran, Min-Yen Kan, Bernard CY Tan, and Kiruthika Ragupathi. 2015. Learning instructor intervention from mooc forums: early results and issues. arXiv preprint arXiv:1504.07206."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IC3.2016.7880245"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02783190409554262"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2556325.2566242"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"R Cook. 2000. Technology trends: teleconferencing distance education and future technologies. (2000). R Cook. 2000. Technology trends: teleconferencing distance education and future technologies. (2000)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Claude Cookman. 2009. Using jitt to foster active learning in a humanities course. Just-in-Time Teaching 163--178. Claude Cookman. 2009. Using jitt to foster active learning in a humanities course. Just-in-Time Teaching 163--178."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi Cui and Alyssa Friend Wise. 2015. Identifying content-related threads in mooc discussion forums. In L@ S 299--303. Yi Cui and Alyssa Friend Wise. 2015. Identifying content-related threads in mooc discussion forums. In L@ S 299--303.","DOI":"10.1145\/2724660.2728679"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"A review on massive e-learning (mooc) design, delivery and assessment. In 2013 eighth international conference on P2P, parallel, grid, cloud and internet computing","author":"Daradoumis Thanasis","unstructured":"Thanasis Daradoumis , Roxana Bassi , Fatos Xhafa , and Santi Caball\u00e9 . 2013. A review on massive e-learning (mooc) design, delivery and assessment. In 2013 eighth international conference on P2P, parallel, grid, cloud and internet computing . IEEE , 208--213. Thanasis Daradoumis, Roxana Bassi, Fatos Xhafa, and Santi Caball\u00e9. 2013. A review on massive e-learning (mooc) design, delivery and assessment. In 2013 eighth international conference on P2P, parallel, grid, cloud and internet computing. IEEE, 208--213."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"The friendly orange glow: The untold story of the PLATO System and the Dawn of Cyberculture","author":"Dear Brian","unstructured":"Brian Dear . 2017. The friendly orange glow: The untold story of the PLATO System and the Dawn of Cyberculture . Pantheon . Brian Dear. 2017. The friendly orange glow: The untold story of the PLATO System and the Dawn of Cyberculture. Pantheon."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01587910500081376"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1821936116"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Places to go: connectivism & connective knowledge. Innovate","volume":"5","author":"Downes Stephen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stephen Downes . 2008 . Places to go: connectivism & connective knowledge. Innovate : Journal of Online Education , 5 , 1 , 6. Stephen Downes. 2008. Places to go: connectivism & connective knowledge. Innovate: Journal of Online Education, 5, 1, 6.","journal-title":"Journal of Online Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1354856514560311"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01587919.2015.1081736"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","first-page":"289","article-title":"Mooc learning experience design: issues and challenges","volume":"14","author":"Fournier Helene","year":"2015","unstructured":"Helene Fournier and Rita Kop . 2015 . Mooc learning experience design: issues and challenges . International Journal on E-Learning , 14 , 3, 289 -- 304 . Helene Fournier and Rita Kop. 2015. Mooc learning experience design: issues and challenges. International Journal on E-Learning, 14, 3, 289--304.","journal-title":"International Journal on E-Learning"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Adjunct Publication of the 30th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology. ACM, 7--9.","author":"Fraser C Ailie","year":"2017","unstructured":"C Ailie Fraser , Tricia J Ngoon , Ariel S Weingarten , Mira Dontcheva , and Scott Klemmer . 2017 . Critiquekit: a mixedinitiative, real-time interface for improving feedback . In Adjunct Publication of the 30th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology. ACM, 7--9. C Ailie Fraser, Tricia J Ngoon, Ariel S Weingarten, Mira Dontcheva, and Scott Klemmer. 2017. Critiquekit: a mixedinitiative, real-time interface for improving feedback. In Adjunct Publication of the 30th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology. ACM, 7--9."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicola K Gale Gemma Heath Elaine Cameron Sabina Rashid and Sabi Redwood. 2013. Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research. BMC medical research methodology 13 1 117. Nicola K Gale Gemma Heath Elaine Cameron Sabina Rashid and Sabi Redwood. 2013. Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research. BMC medical research methodology 13 1 117.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-13-117"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2876034.2876049"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Thematic coding and categorizing. Analyzing qualitative data","author":"Gibbs Graham R","unstructured":"Graham R Gibbs . 2007. Thematic coding and categorizing. Analyzing qualitative data . London : Sage , 38--56. Graham R Gibbs. 2007. Thematic coding and categorizing. Analyzing qualitative data. London: Sage, 38--56."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/698895"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","first-page":"42","article-title":"The virtues of moderation","volume":"17","author":"Grimmelmann James","year":"2015","unstructured":"James Grimmelmann . 2015 . The virtues of moderation . Yale JL & Tech. , 17 , 42 . James Grimmelmann. 2015. The virtues of moderation. Yale JL & Tech., 17, 42.","journal-title":"Yale JL & Tech."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greg Guest Arwen Bunce and Laura Johnson. 2006. How many interviews are enough? an experiment with data saturation and variability. Field methods 18 1 59--82. Greg Guest Arwen Bunce and Laura Johnson. 2006. How many interviews are enough? an experiment with data saturation and variability. Field methods 18 1 59--82.","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822X05279903"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"Kathleen Harting and Margaret J Erthal. 2005. History of distance learning. Information technology learning and performance journal 23 1 35. Kathleen Harting and Margaret J Erthal. 2005. History of distance learning. Information technology learning and performance journal 23 1 35."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"John Hattie and Helen Timperley. 2007. The power of feedback. Review of educational research 77 1 81--112. John Hattie and Helen Timperley. 2007. The power of feedback. Review of educational research 77 1 81--112.","DOI":"10.3102\/003465430298487"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"The states and public higher education policy: Affordability, access, and accountability","author":"Heller Donald E","unstructured":"Donald E Heller . 2001. The states and public higher education policy: Affordability, access, and accountability . JHU Press . Donald E Heller. 2001. The states and public higher education policy: Affordability, access, and accountability. JHU Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khe Foon Hew and Wing Sum Cheung. 2014. Students? and instructors? use of massive open online courses (moocs): motivations and challenges. Educational research review 12 45--58. Khe Foon Hew and Wing Sum Cheung. 2014. Students? and instructors? use of massive open online courses (moocs): motivations and challenges. Educational research review 12 45--58.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2014.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3894.3895"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SIELA.2016.7543014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3174180"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Foundations of distance education","author":"Keegan Desmond","unstructured":"Desmond Keegan . 2013. Foundations of distance education . Routledge . Desmond Keegan. 2013. Foundations of distance education. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"EdMedia Innovate Learning","author":"Khalil Hanan","unstructured":"Hanan Khalil and Martin Ebner . 2013. \"how satisfied are you with your mooc?\"-a research study on interaction in huge online courses. In EdMedia Innovate Learning . Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE), 830--839. Hanan Khalil and Martin Ebner. 2013. \"how satisfied are you with your mooc?\"-a research study on interaction in huge online courses. In EdMedia Innovate Learning. Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE), 830--839."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01449290600811594"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sara Kiesler Robert Kraut Paul Resnick and Aniket Kittur. 2012. Regulating behavior in online communities. Building successful online communities: Evidence-based social design 125--178. Sara Kiesler Robert Kraut Paul Resnick and Aniket Kittur. 2012. Regulating behavior in online communities. Building successful online communities: Evidence-based social design 125--178.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/8472.003.0005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2675133.2675166"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2724660.2724670"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2014.2340861"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","unstructured":"N Levenburg. 2000. A brief history of curriculum reform in the united states. Distance Learning Dynamics. N Levenburg. 2000. A brief history of curriculum reform in the united states. Distance Learning Dynamics."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/emip.12028"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Grounded theory in management research","author":"Locke Karen D","unstructured":"Karen D Locke . 2000. Grounded theory in management research . Sage . Karen D Locke. 2000. Grounded theory in management research. Sage."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","unstructured":"Philip W Martin. 2003. Key aspects of teaching and learning in arts humanities and social sciences. A handbook for teaching and learning in higher education 300. Philip W Martin. 2003. Key aspects of teaching and learning in arts humanities and social sciences. A handbook for teaching and learning in higher education 300."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/154288103X14285806229759"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3192443"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2002472.2002568"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","unstructured":"Michael G Moore. 1989. Three types of interaction. (1989). Michael G Moore. 1989. Three types of interaction. (1989)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","volume-title":"Nasad handbook 2018--19. https:\/\/nasad.arts-accredit.org\/ accreditation\/standards-guidelines\/handbook\/. (Dec","author":"National Association of Schools of Art and Design. 2018.","year":"2018","unstructured":"National Association of Schools of Art and Design. 2018. Nasad handbook 2018--19. https:\/\/nasad.arts-accredit.org\/ accreditation\/standards-guidelines\/handbook\/. (Dec . 2018 ). National Association of Schools of Art and Design. 2018. Nasad handbook 2018--19. https:\/\/nasad.arts-accredit.org\/ accreditation\/standards-guidelines\/handbook\/. (Dec. 2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09523987.2015.1125985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","unstructured":"Tina Overton. 2003. Key aspects of teaching and learning in experimental sciences and engineering. A handbook for teaching and learning in higher education: Enhancing academic practice 2 255--277. Tina Overton. 2003. Key aspects of teaching and learning in experimental sciences and engineering. A handbook for teaching and learning in higher education: Enhancing academic practice 2 255--277."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","unstructured":"Wanqi Peng. 2016. How can mooc providers create an interactive learning experience in the arts. (2016). Wanqi Peng. 2016. How can mooc providers create an interactive learning experience in the arts. (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Justin Reich and Jos\u00e9 A Ruip\u00e9rez-Valiente. 2019. The mooc pivot. Science 363 6423 130--131. Justin Reich and Jos\u00e9 A Ruip\u00e9rez-Valiente. 2019. The mooc pivot. Science 363 6423 130--131.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav7958"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","unstructured":"Yuqing Ren Robert Kraut Sara Kiesler and Paul Resnick. 2010. Regulating behavior in online communities. Yuqing Ren Robert Kraut Sara Kiesler and Paul Resnick. 2010. Regulating behavior in online communities."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcontrol.2009.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","unstructured":"D Shah. 2018. Kadenze programs: a modern day credential for artists and creatives. (2018). D Shah. 2018. Kadenze programs: a modern day credential for artists and creatives. (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","volume-title":"By the numbers: moocs","author":"Shah Dhawal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dhawal Shah . 2019. By the numbers: moocs in 2019 . https:\/\/www.classcentral.com\/report\/mooc-stats-2019\/. (Dec. 2019). Dhawal Shah. 2019. By the numbers: moocs in 2019. https:\/\/www.classcentral.com\/report\/mooc-stats-2019\/. (Dec. 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peter Shea Alexandra Pickett and Chun Sau Li. 2005. Increasing access to higher education: a study of the diffusion of online teaching among 913 college faculty. The International review of research in open and distributed learning 6 2. Peter Shea Alexandra Pickett and Chun Sau Li. 2005. Increasing access to higher education: a study of the diffusion of online teaching among 913 college faculty. The International review of research in open and distributed learning 6 2.","DOI":"10.19173\/irrodl.v6i2.238"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Assessing the relationship of student-instructor and student-student interaction to student learning and satisfaction in web-based online learning environment","volume":"8","author":"Sher Ali","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ali Sher . 2009 . Assessing the relationship of student-instructor and student-student interaction to student learning and satisfaction in web-based online learning environment . Journal of Interactive Online Learning , 8 , 2 . Ali Sher. 2009. Assessing the relationship of student-instructor and student-student interaction to student learning and satisfaction in web-based online learning environment. Journal of Interactive Online Learning, 8, 2.","journal-title":"Journal of Interactive Online Learning"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","volume-title":"Just-in-time teaching: Across the disciplines, across the academy","author":"Simkins Scott","unstructured":"Scott Simkins and Mark Maier . 2010. Just-in-time teaching: Across the disciplines, across the academy . Stylus Publishing , LLC. Scott Simkins and Mark Maier. 2010. Just-in-time teaching: Across the disciplines, across the academy. Stylus Publishing, LLC."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19173\/irrodl.v15i3.1680"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","volume-title":"Su White, and Hugh C Davis.","author":"Sunar Ayse Saliha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ayse Saliha Sunar , Nor Aniza Abdullah , Su White, and Hugh C Davis. 2015 . Personalisation of moocs: the state of the art. Ayse Saliha Sunar, Nor Aniza Abdullah, Su White, and Hugh C Davis. 2015. Personalisation of moocs: the state of the art."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","volume-title":"MOOCs and open education around the world","author":"Swan Karen","unstructured":"Karen Swan , Scott Day , Leonard Bogle , and Traci van Prooyen . 2015. Amp 1: a tool for characterizing the pedagogical approaches of moocs . In MOOCs and open education around the world . Routledge , 105--118. Karen Swan, Scott Day, Leonard Bogle, and Traci van Prooyen. 2015. Amp 1: a tool for characterizing the pedagogical approaches of moocs. In MOOCs and open education around the world. Routledge, 105--118."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","volume-title":"Team-based learning in the social sciences and humanities: Group work that works to generate critical thinking and engagement","author":"Sweet Michael","unstructured":"Michael Sweet and Larry K Michaelsen . 2012. Team-based learning in the social sciences and humanities: Group work that works to generate critical thinking and engagement . Stylus Publishing , LLC. Michael Sweet and Larry K Michaelsen. 2012. Team-based learning in the social sciences and humanities: Group work that works to generate critical thinking and engagement. Stylus Publishing, LLC."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","first-page":"374","article-title":"Guidelines for online course moderation and community building from a student's perspective","volume":"10","author":"Thormann Joan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Joan Thormann and Patricia Fidalgo . 2014 . Guidelines for online course moderation and community building from a student's perspective . Journal of Online Learning & Teaching , 10 , 3, 374 -- 388 . Joan Thormann and Patricia Fidalgo. 2014. Guidelines for online course moderation and community building from a student's perspective. Journal of Online Learning & Teaching, 10, 3, 374--388.","journal-title":"Journal of Online Learning & Teaching"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","volume-title":"Caroline Haythornthwaite & Michelle M","author":"Twidale Michael B","unstructured":"Michael B Twidale and Karen Ruhleder . 2004. Over-the-shoulder-learning in a distance education environment. Learning, culture, and community in online education: research and practice , Caroline Haythornthwaite & Michelle M . Kazmer, eds. New York, NY : Lang , 177--194. Michael B Twidale and Karen Ruhleder. 2004. Over-the-shoulder-learning in a distance education environment. Learning, culture, and community in online education: research and practice, Caroline Haythornthwaite & Michelle M. Kazmer, eds. New York, NY: Lang, 177--194."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","volume-title":"Defining course components. https:\/\/provost.asu.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/page\/1585\/ defining-course-components_6-17-19.pdf. (June","author":"Arizona State University","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arizona State University . 2019. Defining course components. https:\/\/provost.asu.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/page\/1585\/ defining-course-components_6-17-19.pdf. (June 2019 ). Arizona State University. 2019. Defining course components. https:\/\/provost.asu.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/page\/1585\/ defining-course-components_6-17-19.pdf. (June 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/adx.28.1.27949510"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3330430.3333614"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","unstructured":"Etienne Wenger Nancy White and John D Smith. 2009. Digital habitats: Stewarding technology for communities. CPsquare. Etienne Wenger Nancy White and John D Smith. 2009. Digital habitats: Stewarding technology for communities. CPsquare."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2876034.2876042"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/00012530510589083"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBDA.2019.8712837"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","volume-title":"Educational Data Mining","author":"Yang Diyi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Diyi Yang , Mario Piergallini , Iris Howley , and Carolyn Rose . 2014. Forum thread recommendation for massive open online courses . In Educational Data Mining 2014 . Citeseer . Diyi Yang, Mario Piergallini, Iris Howley, and Carolyn Rose. 2014. Forum thread recommendation for massive open online courses. In Educational Data Mining 2014. Citeseer."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1--13","author":"Grace Yen Yu-Chun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu-Chun Grace Yen , Joy O Kim , and Brian P Bailey . 2020 . Decipher: an interactive visualization tool for interpreting unstructured design feedback from multiple providers . In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1--13 . Yu-Chun Grace Yen, Joy O Kim, and Brian P Bailey. 2020. Decipher: an interactive visualization tool for interpreting unstructured design feedback from multiple providers. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1--13."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","unstructured":"Jeff Young. 2020. Sustaining higher education in the coronavirus crisis. Edsurge. Accessed 6\/1\/2020 at: https:\/\/www. edsurge.com\/research\/guides\/sustaining-higher-education-in-the-coronavirus-crisis. Jeff Young. 2020. Sustaining higher education in the coronavirus crisis. Edsurge. Accessed 6\/1\/2020 at: https:\/\/www. edsurge.com\/research\/guides\/sustaining-higher-education-in-the-coronavirus-crisis."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FIE.2003.1265999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Craig B. Zilles Matthew West Geoffrey L. Herman and Timothy Bretl. 2019. Every university should have a computer-based testing facility. In CSEDU. Craig B. Zilles Matthew West Geoffrey L. Herman and Timothy Bretl. 2019. Every university should have a computer-based testing facility. In CSEDU.","DOI":"10.5220\/0007753304140420"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3432915","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3432915","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T20:47:11Z","timestamp":1750193231000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3432915"}},"subtitle":["Challenges and Concerns of Faculty and Students in the Arts, Humanities, and the Social Sciences about Education at Scale"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"CSCW3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3432915"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3432915","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-01-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}