{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:44:04Z","timestamp":1787017444500,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,5]],"date-time":"2021-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Council KU Leuven","award":["C16\/15\/058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C16\/15\/058"]}]},{"name":"Hercules Foundation AKUL\/11\/19"},{"name":"European Commission through the Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme Cathedral ERC Advanced Grant","award":["695305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["695305"]}]},{"name":"FWO fellowship and Vladimir Ro\u017ei\u0107"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Reconfigurable Technol. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    True Random Number Generators (TRNGs) are indispensable in modern cryptosystems. Unfortunately, to guarantee high entropy of the generated numbers, many TRNG designs require a complex implementation procedure, often involving manual placement and routing. In this work, we introduce, analyse, and compare three dynamic calibration mechanisms for the COherent Sampling ring Oscillator based TRNG:\n                    <jats:italic>GateVar<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>WireVar<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>LUTVar<\/jats:italic>\n                    , enabling easy integration of the entropy source into complex systems. The TRNG setup procedure automatically selects a configuration that guarantees the security requirements. In the experiments, we show that two out of the three proposed mechanisms are capable of assuring correct TRNG operation even when an automatic placement is carried out and when the design is ported to another\n                    <jats:bold>Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)<\/jats:bold>\n                    family. We generated random bits on both a\n                    <jats:italic>Xilinx Spartan 7<\/jats:italic>\n                    and a\n                    <jats:italic>Microsemi SmartFusion2<\/jats:italic>\n                    implementation that, without post processing, passed the AIS-31 statistical tests at a throughput of 4.65\u00a0Mbit\/s and 1.47\u00a0Mbit\/s, respectively.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3433166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,5]],"date-time":"2021-06-05T19:30:46Z","timestamp":1622921446000},"page":"1-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Design and Analysis of Configurable Ring Oscillators for True Random Number Generation Based on Coherent Sampling"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1211-8888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriaan","family":"Peetermans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"imec-COSIC, KU Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Ro\u017ei\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"imec-COSIC, KU Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0879-076X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid","family":"Verbauwhede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"imec-COSIC, KU Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ETS.2018.8400697"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00145-010-9089-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/v10127-010-0001-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40349-1_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mejo.2009.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2206233"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Killmann Wolfgang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wolfgang Killmann and Werner Schindler . 2011 . A proposal for: Functionality classes for random number generators . Retrieved May 22, 2019 from https:\/\/cosec.bit.uni-bonn.de\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/teaching\/15ss\/15ss-taoc\/01_AIS31_Functionality_classes_for_random_number_generators.pdf. Wolfgang Killmann and Werner Schindler. 2011. A proposal for: Functionality classes for random number generators. Retrieved May 22, 2019 from https:\/\/cosec.bit.uni-bonn.de\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/teaching\/15ss\/15ss-taoc\/01_AIS31_Functionality_classes_for_random_number_generators.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/968280.968292"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1116\/1.2217974"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-44709-3_30"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FPL.2009.5272361"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2044928.2044931"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FPL.2019.00041"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FPL.2016.7577379"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"667","article-title":"FPGA lookup table with transmission gate structure for reliable low-voltage operation","volume":"6","author":"Pi Tao","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tao Pi and Patrick J. Crotty . 2003 . FPGA lookup table with transmission gate structure for reliable low-voltage operation . US Patent 6 , 667 ,635. Tao Pi and Patrick J. Crotty. 2003. FPGA lookup table with transmission gate structure for reliable low-voltage operation. US Patent 6,667,635.","journal-title":"US Patent"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2744769.2744852"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Analog Design Essentials","author":"Sansen Willy","unstructured":"Willy Sansen . 2007. Analog Design Essentials . Vol. 859 . Springer Science & Business Media . Willy Sansen. 2007. Analog Design Essentials. Vol. 859. Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSCS.2009.5412601"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1881511.1881543"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCAD.2004.1382698"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2013.2265952"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Vivado Design Suite User Guide: Implementation (UG904). Retrieved","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xilinx. 2018. Vivado Design Suite User Guide: Implementation (UG904). Retrieved July 2, 2020 from https:\/\/www.xilinx.com\/support\/documentation\/sw_manuals\/xilinx2018_2\/ug904-vivado-implementation.pdf. Xilinx. 2018. Vivado Design Suite User Guide: Implementation (UG904). Retrieved July 2, 2020 from https:\/\/www.xilinx.com\/support\/documentation\/sw_manuals\/xilinx2018_2\/ug904-vivado-implementation.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46586\/tches.v2018.i3.267-292"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Security and Privacy in Communication Systems. Springer, 694\u2013709","author":"Yang Jing","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jing Yang , Yuan Ma , Tianyu Chen , Jingqiang Lin , and Jiwu Jing . 2016 . Extracting more entropy for TRNGs based on coherent sampling . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Security and Privacy in Communication Systems. Springer, 694\u2013709 . Jing Yang, Yuan Ma, Tianyu Chen, Jingqiang Lin, and Jiwu Jing. 2016. Extracting more entropy for TRNGs based on coherent sampling. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Security and Privacy in Communication Systems. Springer, 694\u2013709."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3433166","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3433166","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T16:48:10Z","timestamp":1750178890000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3433166"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,5]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3433166"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3433166","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-7406","1936-7414"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-7406","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-7414","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-07-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-06-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}