{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:21:57Z","timestamp":1750220517758,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Social Science Funding Project of China","award":["15BYY101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15BYY101"]}]},{"name":"Funding Projects of Humanities and Social Sciences from University of Shanghai for Science and Technology","award":["20SKPY07 & 20SKPY08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20SKPY07 & 20SKPY08"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Asian Low-Resour. Lang. Inf. Process."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Optimality Theory (OT) and Exemplar Theory (ET) are two enchanting theories to many scholars, but each still faces criticism and remaining persistent problems. Application of both theories to areas in linguistics where conflicts may arise has been attempted, but still the suitability of combining the two theories to resolve contradictions awaits further analysis and verification. This article takes Polish singular-plural pairs as the object of study and argues in favor of an OT-ET combined model of analyzing the linguistic phenomenon. First, an underlying representation is identified to be the input in an OT analysis. Then two main changes are recognized between the input and output, and are regarded as instances of positional neutralization, and their relevant constraints and constraint hierarchies are presented. Following this, challenges are posed to OT despite its merits. It turns out that the combined OT-ET model works well, with historical development, underspecification, constraint hierarchy, and resemblance to existing word clouds, among others, all playing relevant parts. The current study adds to the extensiveness of language data analyzed for or against combining OT and ET, and sketches the analysis pattern of thus doing, with a view to offering more real-life language materials for an OT-ET combined model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3434238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T22:07:06Z","timestamp":1621980426000},"page":"1-12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An OT-ET Analysis of Polish Singular-Plural Pairs"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Xiaowen","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China"}]},{"given":"Jincheng","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470759400"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2062.2019.66.1.5"},{"volume-title":"Optimality Theory: An Overview","year":"1997","author":"Archangeli D.","key":"e_1_2_1_3_1"},{"volume-title":"Optimality Theory","author":"Kager R.","key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511812408"},{"volume-title":"The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology","author":"Lacy P. De","key":"e_1_2_1_5_1"},{"volume-title":"A Thematic Guide to Optimality Theory","author":"McCarthy J.","key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511613333"},{"volume-title":"Optimality Theory in Phonology: A Reader","author":"McCarthy J.","key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470756171"},{"volume-title":"Hidden Generalizations: Phonological Opacity in Optimality Theory","year":"2007","author":"McCarthy J.","key":"e_1_2_1_8_1"},{"volume-title":"Doing Optimality Theory: Applying Theory to Data","author":"McCarthy J.","key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444301182"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952675708001486"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-818X.2010.00240.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"J. McCarthy and J. Pater. 2016. Harmonic Grammar and Harmonic Serialism. Equinox London UK.  J. McCarthy and J. Pater. 2016. Harmonic Grammar and Harmonic Serialism. Equinox London UK."},{"volume-title":"Layering and Directionality: Metrical Stress in Optimality Theory","author":"Hyde B.","key":"e_1_2_1_13_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.17.1.152"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.85.3.207"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.14.1.54"},{"volume-title":"Talker Variability in Speech Perception","author":"Johnson K.","key":"e_1_2_1_17_1"},{"volume-title":"Frequency and the Emergence of Linguistic Structure","author":"Pierrehumbert J.","key":"e_1_2_1_18_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/lan.2006.0186"},{"volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Construction Grammar","author":"Bybee J.","key":"e_1_2_1_20_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952675707001145"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the North East Linguistic Society.","year":"2011","author":"Jesney K.","key":"e_1_2_1_22_1"},{"volume-title":"Prosody Matters: Essays in Honor of Lisa Selkirk","author":"Pater J.","key":"e_1_2_1_23_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","first-page":"401","article-title":"A survey of harmonic serialism","volume":"18","author":"Ma Q.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Contemporary Linguistics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","first-page":"108","article-title":"On the computational complexity of optimality theory","volume":"29","author":"Ma Q.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tongji University Journal (Social Science Section)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","first-page":"58","article-title":"Review of the overseas studies on phonological acquisition","volume":"3","author":"Zhu L.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Foreign Language Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"On the initial state in OT grammar","volume":"2","author":"Qin C.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Foreign Language Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","first-page":"30","article-title":"Optimality theory with candidate chains: Problem and solution","volume":"35","author":"Ma Q.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Shanxi University (Philosophy & Social Science)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2062.2017.64.1.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Greek Linguistics, T. Georgakopoulos (Ed.).","volume":"2","author":"de Weijer J. Van","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"An OT analysis of English existential clauses","volume":"1","author":"Zheng J.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Foreign Language Learning Theory and Practice"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","first-page":"66","article-title":"A syntax-prosody interface perspective of the consecutive 3rd tone Sandhi: Take Lao Li Mai Hao Jiu as an example","volume":"40","author":"Zhu L.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Foreign Languages"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lingua.2014.01.007"},{"volume-title":"Cambridge University Press","author":"Odden D.","key":"e_1_2_1_34_1"},{"volume-title":"Cambridge University Press","author":"Pater J.","key":"e_1_2_1_35_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"An OT analysis of nasal-obstruent clusters in English","volume":"36","author":"Zheng J.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Foreign Languages"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"J. Van de Weijer. 2012. Grammar as Selection: Combining Optimality Theory and Exemplar Theory. Kougaku Shuppan Nagoya Japan.  J. Van de Weijer. 2012. Grammar as Selection: Combining Optimality Theory and Exemplar Theory. Kougaku Shuppan Nagoya Japan."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","first-page":"291","article-title":"On the functional unity of phonological rules","volume":"1","author":"Kisseberth C.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Linguistic Inquiry"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the LSA Annual Meeting. 1\u20138.","year":"2001","author":"Buckley E.","key":"e_1_2_1_39_1"},{"volume-title":"Studies in Abstract Phonology","author":"Gussmann E.","key":"e_1_2_1_40_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","unstructured":"N. Chomsky and M. Halle. 1968. The Sound Pattern of English. Harper & Row New York NY.  N. Chomsky and M. Halle. 1968. The Sound Pattern of English. Harper & Row New York NY."},{"volume-title":"The Contrastive Hierarchy in Phonology","author":"Dresher B.","key":"e_1_2_1_43_1"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3434238","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3434238","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T21:24:35Z","timestamp":1750195475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3434238"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3434238"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3434238","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-4699","2375-4702"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2375-4699"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2375-4702"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-07-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-05-25","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}