{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T08:17:25Z","timestamp":1768551445297,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]],"date-time":"2020-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Digit. Gov.: Res. Pract."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>COVID-19 forced small businesses globally to move their presence online to survive. Cyber-criminals have swiftly taken advantage of the chaos wrought by this move. Due to factors ranging from small businesses\u2019 inexperience with technology to a global cyber-security skill shortage, policy-based solutions by governments are needed to help ensure that this vital sector in global economies does not fall victim to cyber-criminals. We propose and discuss three measures that governments can take to build up small business cyber-security resilience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3436807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]],"date-time":"2020-11-26T18:15:56Z","timestamp":1606414556000},"page":"1-8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Invisible COVID-19 Small Business Risks"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Tracy","family":"Tam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}]},{"given":"Asha","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Robert Ackerman Jr. 2019. The Cyber Skills Shortage Continues to Balloon\u2014And Think Tanks Aren\u2019t Helping. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.rsaconference.com\/industry-topics\/blog\/the-cyber-skills-shortage-continues-to-balloon-and-think-tanks-arent-helping.  Robert Ackerman Jr. 2019. The Cyber Skills Shortage Continues to Balloon\u2014And Think Tanks Aren\u2019t Helping. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.rsaconference.com\/industry-topics\/blog\/the-cyber-skills-shortage-continues-to-balloon-and-think-tanks-arent-helping."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"I Lost My Identity to a Fraudster, and It Took Six Years to Clean Up the Mess.Retrieved","author":"Armstrong Drew","year":"2019","unstructured":"Drew Armstrong . 2019. I Lost My Identity to a Fraudster, and It Took Six Years to Clean Up the Mess.Retrieved August 2019 from https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2019-08-12\/i-lost-my-identity-to-a-fraudster-and-it-took-six-years-to-clean-up-the-mess. Drew Armstrong. 2019. I Lost My Identity to a Fraudster, and It Took Six Years to Clean Up the Mess.Retrieved August 2019 from https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2019-08-12\/i-lost-my-identity-to-a-fraudster-and-it-took-six-years-to-clean-up-the-mess."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"AustCyber. 2019. Australia\u2019s Cyber Security Sector Competitiveness Plan 2019 Update. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.austcyber.com\/resource\/australias-cyber-security-sector-competitiveness-plan-2019.  AustCyber. 2019. Australia\u2019s Cyber Security Sector Competitiveness Plan 2019 Update. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.austcyber.com\/resource\/australias-cyber-security-sector-competitiveness-plan-2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Inside Australian Online Shopping","author":"Post Australia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Australia Post . 2020. Inside Australian Online Shopping , 2020 eCommerce Industry Report. Retrieved from https:\/\/auspost.com.au\/content\/dam\/auspost_corp\/media\/documents\/2020-ecommerce-industry-report.pdf. Australia Post. 2020. Inside Australian Online Shopping, 2020 eCommerce Industry Report. Retrieved from https:\/\/auspost.com.au\/content\/dam\/auspost_corp\/media\/documents\/2020-ecommerce-industry-report.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2019. 8167.0 Selected Characteristics of Australian Business. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/AUSSTATS\/abs@.nsf\/allprimarymainfeatures\/C575766838376FA0CA2573E1000E3F2F?opendocument.  Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2019. 8167.0 Selected Characteristics of Australian Business. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/AUSSTATS\/abs@.nsf\/allprimarymainfeatures\/C575766838376FA0CA2573E1000E3F2F?opendocument."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2020. 8167.0\u2014Characteristics of Australian Business 2018-19. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/statistics\/industry\/technology-and-innovation\/characteristics-australian-business\/latest-release.  Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2020. 8167.0\u2014Characteristics of Australian Business 2018-19. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/statistics\/industry\/technology-and-innovation\/characteristics-australian-business\/latest-release."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Cyber Security and Australian Small Businesses. Retrieved","author":"Security Centre Australian Cyber","year":"2020","unstructured":"Australian Cyber Security Centre and Australian Signals Directorate . 2020. Cyber Security and Australian Small Businesses. Retrieved December 2020 from https:\/\/www.cyber. gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-11\/ACSC%20Small%20Business%20Survey%20Results.pdf. Australian Cyber Security Centre and Australian Signals Directorate. 2020. Cyber Security and Australian Small Businesses. Retrieved December 2020 from https:\/\/www.cyber. gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-11\/ACSC%20Small%20Business%20Survey%20Results.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Australian Cyber Security Centre and Australian Signals Directorate. 2020. COVID-19: Protecting Your Small Business. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cyber.gov.au\/advice\/covid-19-protecting-your-small-business.  Australian Cyber Security Centre and Australian Signals Directorate. 2020. COVID-19: Protecting Your Small Business. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cyber.gov.au\/advice\/covid-19-protecting-your-small-business."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Incident Report on the Breach of the Australian National University Administrative Systems. Retrieved","author":"Australian National University. 2019.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Australian National University. 2019. Incident Report on the Breach of the Australian National University Administrative Systems. Retrieved December 2019 from https:\/\/imagedepot.anu.edu.au\/scapa\/Website\/SCAPA190209_Public_report_web_2.pdf. Australian National University. 2019. Incident Report on the Breach of the Australian National University Administrative Systems. Retrieved December 2019 from https:\/\/imagedepot.anu.edu.au\/scapa\/Website\/SCAPA190209_Public_report_web_2.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Threat Update: COVID-19 Malicious Cyber Activity.","author":"Directorate Australian Signals","year":"2020","unstructured":"Australian Signals Directorate and Australian Cyber Security Centre . 2020 . Threat Update: COVID-19 Malicious Cyber Activity. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cyber.gov.au\/threats\/threat-update-covid-19-malicious-cyber-activity-20-apr-2020. Australian Signals Directorate and Australian Cyber Security Centre. 2020. Threat Update: COVID-19 Malicious Cyber Activity. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cyber.gov.au\/threats\/threat-update-covid-19-malicious-cyber-activity-20-apr-2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Online first impressions: Person perception in social media profiles. Comput. Hum. Behav. 75 (Oct","author":"Bacev-Giles Chantal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chantal Bacev-Giles and Reeshma Haji . 2017. Online first impressions: Person perception in social media profiles. Comput. Hum. Behav. 75 (Oct . 2017 ), 50--57. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2017.04.056 Chantal Bacev-Giles and Reeshma Haji. 2017. Online first impressions: Person perception in social media profiles. Comput. Hum. Behav. 75 (Oct. 2017), 50--57. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2017.04.056"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Facebook and Instagram Outage: Business Owners Share Frustrations. Retrieved","author":"News BBC","year":"2019","unstructured":"BBC News . 2019. Facebook and Instagram Outage: Business Owners Share Frustrations. Retrieved March 2019 from https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-47568757. BBC News. 2019. Facebook and Instagram Outage: Business Owners Share Frustrations. Retrieved March 2019 from https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-47568757."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Business Population Estimates for the UK and Regions","author":"Crown British","year":"2019","unstructured":"British Crown . 2019. Business Population Estimates for the UK and Regions 2019 . Retrieved from https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/254552\/13-92-business-population-estimates-2013-stats-release-4.pdf. British Crown. 2019. Business Population Estimates for the UK and Regions 2019. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/254552\/13-92-business-population-estimates-2013-stats-release-4.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Pedestrian Numbers Drop in the CBD as Pandemic Keeps People Home. Retrieved","author":"Butt Craig","year":"2020","unstructured":"Craig Butt . 2019. Pedestrian Numbers Drop in the CBD as Pandemic Keeps People Home. Retrieved March 2020 from https:\/\/www.theage.com.au\/national\/victoria\/pedestrian-numbers-drop-in-the-cbd-as-pandemic-keeps-people-home-20200317-p54azk.html. Craig Butt. 2019. Pedestrian Numbers Drop in the CBD as Pandemic Keeps People Home. Retrieved March 2020 from https:\/\/www.theage.com.au\/national\/victoria\/pedestrian-numbers-drop-in-the-cbd-as-pandemic-keeps-people-home-20200317-p54azk.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Comput. Secur. B 39","author":"Cheng Lijiao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lijiao Cheng , Ying Li , Wenli Li , Eric Holm , and Qingguo Zhai . 2013 . Understanding the violation of IS security policy in organizations: An integrated model based on social control and deterrence theory . Comput. Secur. B 39 , (Nov. 2013), 447--459. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cose.2013.09.009 Lijiao Cheng, Ying Li, Wenli Li, Eric Holm, and Qingguo Zhai. 2013. Understanding the violation of IS security policy in organizations: An integrated model based on social control and deterrence theory. Comput. Secur. B 39, (Nov. 2013), 447--459. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cose.2013.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"March Chiappetta. 2020. Uber Eats Demand Soars Due To COVID-19 Crisis. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/marcochiappetta\/2020\/03\/25\/uber-eats-demand-soars-due-to-covid-19-crisis.  March Chiappetta. 2020. Uber Eats Demand Soars Due To COVID-19 Crisis. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/marcochiappetta\/2020\/03\/25\/uber-eats-demand-soars-due-to-covid-19-crisis."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Retrieved on","author":"Choi Euirim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Euirim Choi . 2020 . Thousands of students could be without laptops. Wall Street J. (Aug. 2020) . Retrieved on September 16, 2020 from https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/laptop-shortage-hits-u-s-schools-as-thousands-face-online-learning-without-device-11598434201 Euirim Choi. 2020. Thousands of students could be without laptops. Wall Street J. (Aug. 2020). Retrieved on September 16, 2020 from https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/laptop-shortage-hits-u-s-schools-as-thousands-face-online-learning-without-device-11598434201"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Council of The European Union. 2016. GDPR Legislative Act. Retrieved from https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri&equals;CELEX:32016R06798from&equals;EN.  Council of The European Union. 2016. GDPR Legislative Act. Retrieved from https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri&equals;CELEX:32016R06798from&equals;EN."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Cybercrime Programme Office of the Council of Europe. 2020. The Global State of Cybercrime Legislation 2013--2020. Retrieved from https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/3148-1-3-4-cyberleg-global-state-feb2020-v1-public\/16809cf9a9.  Cybercrime Programme Office of the Council of Europe. 2020. The Global State of Cybercrime Legislation 2013--2020. Retrieved from https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/3148-1-3-4-cyberleg-global-state-feb2020-v1-public\/16809cf9a9."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"Department of Parliamentary Services. 2018. Small Business Sector Contribution to the Australian Economy. Retrieved from https:\/\/parlinfo.aph.gov.au\/parlInfo\/download\/library\/prspub\/6272043\/upload_binary\/6272043.pdf.  Department of Parliamentary Services. 2018. Small Business Sector Contribution to the Australian Economy. Retrieved from https:\/\/parlinfo.aph.gov.au\/parlInfo\/download\/library\/prspub\/6272043\/upload_binary\/6272043.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"New York orders schools, bars and restaurants to shut down. New York Times (Mar","author":"Ferre-Sadurni Luis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luis Ferre-Sadurni . 2020. New York orders schools, bars and restaurants to shut down. New York Times (Mar . 2020 ). Luis Ferre-Sadurni. 2020. New York orders schools, bars and restaurants to shut down. New York Times (Mar. 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","article-title":"One of KC\u2019s best craft cocktail bars adapts with bottled drinks and kits during coronavirus quarantine","volume":"2020","author":"Gallagher Natalie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Natalie Gallagher . 2020 . One of KC\u2019s best craft cocktail bars adapts with bottled drinks and kits during coronavirus quarantine . Kansas City Mag. 2020 , Late Edition (Mar. 2020). A.1. Retrieved on March 22, 2020 from https:\/\/www.kansascitymag.com\/cocktail-hour-during-coronavirus-outbreak\/ Natalie Gallagher. 2020. One of KC\u2019s best craft cocktail bars adapts with bottled drinks and kits during coronavirus quarantine. Kansas City Mag. 2020, Late Edition (Mar. 2020). A.1. Retrieved on March 22, 2020 from https:\/\/www.kansascitymag.com\/cocktail-hour-during-coronavirus-outbreak\/","journal-title":"Kansas City Mag."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Small Businesses Drive China\u2019s Economy: The Coronavirus Outbreak Could Be Fatal for Many. (February 2020) Retrieved","author":"Laura He.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Laura He. 2020. Small Businesses Drive China\u2019s Economy: The Coronavirus Outbreak Could Be Fatal for Many. (February 2020) Retrieved February 29, 2020 from https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2020\/02\/14\/economy\/coronavirus-china-economy-small-businesses\/index.html. Laura He. 2020. Small Businesses Drive China\u2019s Economy: The Coronavirus Outbreak Could Be Fatal for Many. (February 2020) Retrieved February 29, 2020 from https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2020\/02\/14\/economy\/coronavirus-china-economy-small-businesses\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Retrieved on","author":"Hitch Georgia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Georgia Hitch . 2020 . Big four banks to speed up loans for businesses applying for JobKeeper amid coronavirus crisis, Josh Frydenberg says. ABC News (Apr. 2020) . Retrieved on June 18, 2020 from https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2020-04-23\/banks-agree-speed-up-loans-for-businesses-waiting-for-jobkeeper\/12176632. Georgia Hitch. 2020. Big four banks to speed up loans for businesses applying for JobKeeper amid coronavirus crisis, Josh Frydenberg says. ABC News (Apr. 2020). Retrieved on June 18, 2020 from https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2020-04-23\/banks-agree-speed-up-loans-for-businesses-waiting-for-jobkeeper\/12176632."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1080\/08276331.2010.10593496","article-title":"The role of owner-managers\u2019 psychological ownership in SME strategic behaviour","volume":"23","author":"Ik\u00e4valko Markku","year":"2010","unstructured":"Markku Ik\u00e4valko , Timo Pihkala , and Sascha Kraus . 2010 . The role of owner-managers\u2019 psychological ownership in SME strategic behaviour . J. Small Bus. Entrep. 23 , 3 (2010), 461 -- 479 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08276331.2010.10593496 Markku Ik\u00e4valko, Timo Pihkala, and Sascha Kraus. 2010. The role of owner-managers\u2019 psychological ownership in SME strategic behaviour. J. Small Bus. Entrep. 23, 3 (2010), 461--479. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08276331.2010.10593496","journal-title":"J. Small Bus. Entrep."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"Internal Revenue Services. 2020. Internal Revenue Service IP Pin Service. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.irs.gov\/identity-theft-fraud-scams\/get-an-identity-protection-pin.  Internal Revenue Services. 2020. Internal Revenue Service IP Pin Service. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.irs.gov\/identity-theft-fraud-scams\/get-an-identity-protection-pin."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"JP Morgan. 2016. Cash Is King: Flows Balances and Buffer Days\u2014Evidence from 600 000 Small Businesses. Retrieved from https:\/\/institute.jpmorganchase.com\/content\/dam\/jpmc\/jpmorgan-chase-and-co\/institute\/pdf\/jpmc-institute-small-business-report.pdf.  JP Morgan. 2016. Cash Is King: Flows Balances and Buffer Days\u2014Evidence from 600 000 Small Businesses. Retrieved from https:\/\/institute.jpmorganchase.com\/content\/dam\/jpmc\/jpmorgan-chase-and-co\/institute\/pdf\/jpmc-institute-small-business-report.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Retrieved on","author":"Karp Paul","year":"2020","unstructured":"Paul Karp . 2020 . Early access to superannuation paused as police freeze $120,000 in allegedly stolen funds. The Guardian (May 2020) . Retrieved on June 20, 2020 from https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/australia-news\/2020\/may\/08\/early-access-to-superannuation-paused-as-police-freeze-120000-in-allegedly-stolen-funds. Paul Karp. 2020. Early access to superannuation paused as police freeze $120,000 in allegedly stolen funds. The Guardian (May 2020). Retrieved on June 20, 2020 from https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/australia-news\/2020\/may\/08\/early-access-to-superannuation-paused-as-police-freeze-120000-in-allegedly-stolen-funds."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Coronavirus Forces Businesses to Adapt to Survive the COVID-19 Pandemic. (March 2020) Retrieved on","author":"Longbottom Jessica","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jessica Longbottom . 2020. Coronavirus Forces Businesses to Adapt to Survive the COVID-19 Pandemic. (March 2020) Retrieved on March 22, 2020 from https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2020-03-19\/how-businesses-adapting-to-survive-covid-19-coronavirus\/12068696. Jessica Longbottom. 2020. Coronavirus Forces Businesses to Adapt to Survive the COVID-19 Pandemic. (March 2020) Retrieved on March 22, 2020 from https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2020-03-19\/how-businesses-adapting-to-survive-covid-19-coronavirus\/12068696."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"Adela Luque Renuka Bhaskar James Noon Kevin Rinz and Victoria Udalova. 2019. Nonemployer Statistics by Demographics (NES-D): Using Administrative and Census Records Data in Business Statistics. Retrieved from https:\/\/www2.census.gov\/ces\/wp\/2019\/CES-WP-19-01.pdf.  Adela Luque Renuka Bhaskar James Noon Kevin Rinz and Victoria Udalova. 2019. Nonemployer Statistics by Demographics (NES-D): Using Administrative and Census Records Data in Business Statistics. Retrieved from https:\/\/www2.census.gov\/ces\/wp\/2019\/CES-WP-19-01.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Check Your Super Balance. Australians Scammed out of Thousands via the Coronavirus Early Release Scheme. (June 2020) Retrieved on","author":"McGrath Pat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pat McGrath and Alison McClymont . 2020. Check Your Super Balance. Australians Scammed out of Thousands via the Coronavirus Early Release Scheme. (June 2020) Retrieved on June 20, 2020 from https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2020-06-01\/scammers-stealing-thousands-through-coronavirus-super-scheme\/12301010. Pat McGrath and Alison McClymont. 2020. Check Your Super Balance. Australians Scammed out of Thousands via the Coronavirus Early Release Scheme. (June 2020) Retrieved on June 20, 2020 from https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2020-06-01\/scammers-stealing-thousands-through-coronavirus-super-scheme\/12301010."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","article-title":"Super early access frozen amid AFP fraud investigation","author":"McIlroy Tom","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tom McIlroy . 2020 . Super early access frozen amid AFP fraud investigation . Financ. Rev. ( May 2020). Retrieved on June 20, 2020 from https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/federal\/super-early-access-frozen-amid-afp-fraud-investigation-20200508-p54r1z. Tom McIlroy. 2020. Super early access frozen amid AFP fraud investigation. Financ. Rev. (May 2020). Retrieved on June 20, 2020 from https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/federal\/super-early-access-frozen-amid-afp-fraud-investigation-20200508-p54r1z.","journal-title":"Financ. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Survey: Australian Consumer Sentiment During the Coronavirus Crisis.","author":"Company McKinsey","year":"2020","unstructured":"McKinsey 8 Company . 2020 . Survey: Australian Consumer Sentiment During the Coronavirus Crisis. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/business-functions\/marketing-and-sales\/our-insights\/survey-australian-consumer-sentiment-during-the-coronavirus-crisis. McKinsey 8 Company. 2020. Survey: Australian Consumer Sentiment During the Coronavirus Crisis. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/business-functions\/marketing-and-sales\/our-insights\/survey-australian-consumer-sentiment-during-the-coronavirus-crisis."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Survey: UK Consumer Sentiment During the Coronavirus Crisis.","author":"Company McKinsey","year":"2020","unstructured":"McKinsey 8 Company . 2020 . Survey: UK Consumer Sentiment During the Coronavirus Crisis. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/business-functions\/marketing-and-sales\/our-insights\/survey-uk-consumer-sentiment-during-the-coronavirus-crisis. McKinsey 8 Company. 2020. Survey: UK Consumer Sentiment During the Coronavirus Crisis. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/business-functions\/marketing-and-sales\/our-insights\/survey-uk-consumer-sentiment-during-the-coronavirus-crisis."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Survey: US Consumer Sentiment During the Coronavirus Crisis.","author":"Company McKinsey","year":"2020","unstructured":"McKinsey 8 Company . 2020 . Survey: US Consumer Sentiment During the Coronavirus Crisis. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/business-functions\/marketing-and-sales\/our-insights\/survey-us-consumer-sentiment-during-the-coronavirus-crisis. McKinsey 8 Company. 2020. Survey: US Consumer Sentiment During the Coronavirus Crisis. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/business-functions\/marketing-and-sales\/our-insights\/survey-us-consumer-sentiment-during-the-coronavirus-crisis."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Coronavirus Australia: Uniqlo, Sephora Close as Social Distancing Hits Retail Industry.","author":"Mcmahon Alle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alle Mcmahon and James Hall . 2020 . Coronavirus Australia: Uniqlo, Sephora Close as Social Distancing Hits Retail Industry. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.news.com.au\/finance\/business\/retail\/coronavirus-australia-big-name-shops-closing-their-doors-as-social-distancing-hits-retail-industry\/news-story\/be67da936b12997d19c78ac6d212309a. Alle Mcmahon and James Hall. 2020. Coronavirus Australia: Uniqlo, Sephora Close as Social Distancing Hits Retail Industry. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.news.com.au\/finance\/business\/retail\/coronavirus-australia-big-name-shops-closing-their-doors-as-social-distancing-hits-retail-industry\/news-story\/be67da936b12997d19c78ac6d212309a."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327043HUP1604_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook","author":"OECD.","year":"2019","unstructured":"OECD. 2019. OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook 2019 . OECD Publishing , Paris . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/34907e9c-en. OECD. 2019. OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook 2019. OECD Publishing, Paris. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/34907e9c-en."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Retrieved on","author":"Paul Kari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kari Paul . 2020 . \u2018Zoom is Malware\u2019: Why experts worry about the video conferencing platform. The Guardian (Apr. 2020) . Retrieved on June 20, 2020 from https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/federal\/super-early-access-frozen-amid-afp-fraud-investigation-20200508-p54r1z. Kari Paul. 2020. \u2018Zoom is Malware\u2019: Why experts worry about the video conferencing platform. The Guardian (Apr. 2020). Retrieved on June 20, 2020 from https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/federal\/super-early-access-frozen-amid-afp-fraud-investigation-20200508-p54r1z."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","unstructured":"Rachel Pupazzoni. 2020. Consumer Complaints Jump after Coronavirus Chaos Delayed Deliveries for Toilet Paper Subscription Companies. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2020-07-10\/toilet-paper-subscription-service-consumer-complaints-rise\/12439036.  Rachel Pupazzoni. 2020. Consumer Complaints Jump after Coronavirus Chaos Delayed Deliveries for Toilet Paper Subscription Companies. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2020-07-10\/toilet-paper-subscription-service-consumer-complaints-rise\/12439036."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","article-title":"Beverage maker Lion hit by cyber attack","author":"Redrup Yolanda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yolanda Redrup . 2020 . Beverage maker Lion hit by cyber attack . Financ. Rev. ( Jun. 2020). Retrieved on June 20, 2020 from https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/federal\/super-early-access-frozen-amid-afp-fraud-investigation-20200508-p54r1z. Yolanda Redrup. 2020. Beverage maker Lion hit by cyber attack. Financ. Rev. (Jun. 2020). Retrieved on June 20, 2020 from https:\/\/www.afr.com\/politics\/federal\/super-early-access-frozen-amid-afp-fraud-investigation-20200508-p54r1z.","journal-title":"Financ. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","unstructured":"Camron Slessor and Patrick Martin. 2020. MyBudget System Outage Leaves Thousands of Australian Customers in Financial Limbo. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2020-05-13\/mybudget-system-outage-leaves-customers-in-financial-limbo\/12244926.  Camron Slessor and Patrick Martin. 2020. MyBudget System Outage Leaves Thousands of Australian Customers in Financial Limbo. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2020-05-13\/mybudget-system-outage-leaves-customers-in-financial-limbo\/12244926."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"Nick Srnicek. 2016. Platform Capitalism. Polity Press Oxford.  Nick Srnicek. 2016. Platform Capitalism. Polity Press Oxford."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","unstructured":"State Government of Victoria. 2020. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Restrictions Victoria. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.vic.gov.au\/coronavirus-covid-19-restrictions-victoria.  State Government of Victoria. 2020. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Restrictions Victoria. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.vic.gov.au\/coronavirus-covid-19-restrictions-victoria."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","unstructured":"Stop. Think. Connect. 2020. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.stopthinkconnect.org\/.  Stop. Think. Connect. 2020. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.stopthinkconnect.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","unstructured":"Paul Szoldra. 2016. This Is Everything Edward Snowden Revealed in One Year of Unprecedented Top-secret Leaks. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.businessinsider.in\/This-is-everything-Edward-Snowden-revealed-in-one-year-of-unprecedented-top-secret-leaks\/articleshow\/54367926.cms.  Paul Szoldra. 2016. This Is Everything Edward Snowden Revealed in One Year of Unprecedented Top-secret Leaks. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.businessinsider.in\/This-is-everything-Edward-Snowden-revealed-in-one-year-of-unprecedented-top-secret-leaks\/articleshow\/54367926.cms."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2013. Comprehensive Study on Cybercrime. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/organized-crime\/UNODC_CCPCJ_EG.4_2013\/CYBERCRIME_STUDY_210213.pdf.  United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2013. Comprehensive Study on Cybercrime. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/organized-crime\/UNODC_CCPCJ_EG.4_2013\/CYBERCRIME_STUDY_210213.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","unstructured":"US Census. 2015. 2015 SUSB Annual Datasets by Establishment Industry\u2014Data by Enterprise Employment Size. Retrieved from https:\/\/www2.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/susb\/datasets\/2015\/us_state_6digitnaics_2015.txt.  US Census. 2015. 2015 SUSB Annual Datasets by Establishment Industry\u2014Data by Enterprise Employment Size. Retrieved from https:\/\/www2.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/susb\/datasets\/2015\/us_state_6digitnaics_2015.txt."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"From information security to cyber security. Comput. Secur. 38 (Oct","author":"Solms Rossouw Von","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rossouw Von Solms and Johan Van Niekerk . 2013. From information security to cyber security. Comput. Secur. 38 (Oct . 2013 ), 97--102. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cose.2013.04.004 Rossouw Von Solms and Johan Van Niekerk. 2013. From information security to cyber security. Comput. Secur. 38 (Oct. 2013), 97--102. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cose.2013.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Explaining the lack of strategic planning in SMEs: The importance of owner motivation","volume":"12","author":"Wang Calvin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Calvin Wang , Elizabeth Walker , and Janice Redmond . 2007 . Explaining the lack of strategic planning in SMEs: The importance of owner motivation . Int. J. Organ. Behav. 12 , 1 (2007), 1 -- 16 . Calvin Wang, Elizabeth Walker, and Janice Redmond. 2007. Explaining the lack of strategic planning in SMEs: The importance of owner motivation. Int. J. Organ. Behav. 12, 1 (2007), 1--16.","journal-title":"Int. J. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS\u201905)","author":"Woon I. M. Y.","unstructured":"I. M. Y. Woon , G. W. Tan , and R. T. Low . 2005. A protection motivation theory approach to home wireless security . In Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS\u201905) . 367--380. I. M. Y. Woon, G. W. Tan, and R. T. Low. 2005. A protection motivation theory approach to home wireless security. In Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS\u201905). 367--380."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","unstructured":"Work Safe Australia. 2020. Coronavirus COVID-19 Recommended Cleaning: Supplementary Information. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-05\/cleaning-table-covid19-26May2020.pdf.  Work Safe Australia. 2020. Coronavirus COVID-19 Recommended Cleaning: Supplementary Information. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-05\/cleaning-table-covid19-26May2020.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","unstructured":"Hanna Ziady. 2020. Our Pandemic Shopping Habits Are Here to Stay. Brands Are Racing to Adapt. Retrieved from https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2020\/05\/27\/business\/consumer-trends-coronavirus\/index.html.  Hanna Ziady. 2020. Our Pandemic Shopping Habits Are Here to Stay. Brands Are Racing to Adapt. Retrieved from https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2020\/05\/27\/business\/consumer-trends-coronavirus\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","unstructured":"Mark Zita and Staff. 2020. Privacy Confusion over COVID Safe Checklist Rules for Hospitality Venues. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2020-06-14\/covid-confusion-as-cafes-warned-about-privacy-dangers\/12351314.  Mark Zita and Staff. 2020. Privacy Confusion over COVID Safe Checklist Rules for Hospitality Venues. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2020-06-14\/covid-confusion-as-cafes-warned-about-privacy-dangers\/12351314."}],"container-title":["Digital Government: Research and Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3436807","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3436807","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T17:45:05Z","timestamp":1750268705000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3436807"}},"subtitle":["Dealing with the Cyber-Security Aftermath"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3436807"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3436807","relation":{},"ISSN":["2691-199X","2639-0175"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2691-199X","type":"print"},{"value":"2639-0175","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-07-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}