{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T01:52:05Z","timestamp":1768009925688,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1934464, 1934565,1934405,1926250, 1741022, 1740996"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1934464, 1934565,1934405,1926250, 1741022, 1740996"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Digit. Gov.: Res. Pract."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic is compelling us to make crucial data-driven decisions quickly, bringing together diverse and unreliable sources of information without the usual quality control mechanisms we may employ. These decisions are consequential at multiple levels: They can inform local, state, and national government policy, be used to schedule access to physical resources such as elevators and workspaces within an organization, and inform contact tracing and quarantine actions for individuals. In all these cases, significant inequities are likely to arise and to be propagated and reinforced by data-driven decision systems. In this article, we propose a framework, called FIDES, for surfacing and reasoning about data equity in these systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3440889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T14:31:14Z","timestamp":1612535474000},"page":"1-7","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["COVID-19 Brings Data Equity Challenges to the Fore"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"H. V.","family":"Jagadish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Stoyanovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University, Brooklyn, NY"}]},{"given":"Bill","family":"Howe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, WA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD\u201919)","author":"Asudeh Abolfazl","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abolfazl Asudeh , H. V. Jagadish , Julia Stoyanovich , and Gautam Das . 2019 a. Designing fair ranking schemes . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD\u201919) , Peter A. Boncz, Stefan Manegold, Anastasia Ailamaki, Amol Deshpande, and Tim Kraska (Eds.). ACM, 1259--1276. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3299869.3300079 Abolfazl Asudeh, H. V. Jagadish, Julia Stoyanovich, and Gautam Das. 2019a. Designing fair ranking schemes. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD\u201919), Peter A. Boncz, Stefan Manegold, Anastasia Ailamaki, Amol Deshpande, and Tim Kraska (Eds.). ACM, 1259--1276. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3299869.3300079"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 35th IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE\u201919)","author":"Asudeh Abolfazl","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abolfazl Asudeh , Zhongjun Jin , and H. V. Jagadish . 2019b. Assessing and remedying coverage for a given dataset . In Proceedings of the 35th IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE\u201919) . IEEE, 554--565. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICDE. 2019 .00056 Abolfazl Asudeh, Zhongjun Jin, and H. V. Jagadish. 2019b. Assessing and remedying coverage for a given dataset. In Proceedings of the 35th IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE\u201919). IEEE, 554--565. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICDE.2019.00056"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Race after technology: Abolitionist tools for the New Jim Code. Soc. Forces 98, 4 (12","author":"Benjamin Ruha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ruha Benjamin . 2019. Race after technology: Abolitionist tools for the New Jim Code. Soc. Forces 98, 4 (12 2019 ), 1--3. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sf\/soz162 Ruha Benjamin. 2019. Race after technology: Abolitionist tools for the New Jim Code. Soc. Forces 98, 4 (12 2019), 1--3. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sf\/soz162"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Reed Jr","author":"Chowkwanyun Merlin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Merlin Chowkwanyun and Adolph L . Reed Jr . 2020 . Racial health disparities and Covid-19\u2014Caution and context. New Eng. J. Med . 383 (16 July 2020), 201--203. Merlin Chowkwanyun and Adolph L. Reed Jr. 2020. Racial health disparities and Covid-19\u2014Caution and context. New Eng. J. Med. 383 (16 July 2020), 201--203."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 27th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI\u201918). International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 4085--4091","author":"Grechkin Maxim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maxim Grechkin , Hoifung Poon , and Bill Howe . 2018 . EZLearn: Exploiting organic supervision in automated data annotation . In Proceedings of the 27th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI\u201918). International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 4085--4091 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24963\/ijcai.2018\/568 Maxim Grechkin, Hoifung Poon, and Bill Howe. 2018. EZLearn: Exploiting organic supervision in automated data annotation. In Proceedings of the 27th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI\u201918). International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 4085--4091. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24963\/ijcai.2018\/568"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anna Lauren Hoffmann. 2020. Terms of inclusion: Data discourse violence. New Media Soc. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1461444820958725  Anna Lauren Hoffmann. 2020. Terms of inclusion: Data discourse violence. New Media Soc. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1461444820958725","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444820958725"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","series-title":"Comic Series 1 (2020)","volume-title":"Respons","author":"Khan Falaah Arif","unstructured":"Falaah Arif Khan and Julia Stoyanovich . 2020. Mirror , mirror. Data , Respons . Comic Series 1 (2020) . Retrieved from https:\/\/dataresponsibly.github.io\/comics\/. Falaah Arif Khan and Julia Stoyanovich. 2020. Mirror, mirror. Data, Respons. Comic Series 1 (2020). Retrieved from https:\/\/dataresponsibly.github.io\/comics\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3407790.3407821"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Big Social Data and Urban Computing (BiDU@VLDB\u201918)","volume":"926","author":"Rodriguez Luke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Luke Rodriguez , Babak Salimi , Haoyue Ping , Julia Stoyanovich , and Bill Howe . 2018 . MobilityMirror: Bias-adjusted transportation datasets . In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Big Social Data and Urban Computing (BiDU@VLDB\u201918) (Communications in Computer and Information Science), Jonice Oliveira, Claudio M. de Farias, Esther Pacitti, and Giancarlo Fortino (Eds.) , Vol. 926 . Springer, 18--39. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-11238-7_2 Luke Rodriguez, Babak Salimi, Haoyue Ping, Julia Stoyanovich, and Bill Howe. 2018. MobilityMirror: Bias-adjusted transportation datasets. In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Big Social Data and Urban Computing (BiDU@VLDB\u201918) (Communications in Computer and Information Science), Jonice Oliveira, Claudio M. de Farias, Esther Pacitti, and Giancarlo Fortino (Eds.), Vol. 926. Springer, 18--39. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-11238-7_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD\u201919)","author":"Salimi Babak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Babak Salimi , Luke Rodriguez , Bill Howe , and Dan Suciu . 2019 . Interventional fairness: Causal database repair for algorithmic fairness . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD\u201919) , Peter A. Boncz, Stefan Manegold, Anastasia Ailamaki, Amol Deshpande, and Tim Kraska (Eds.). ACM, 793--810. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3299869.33 19901 Babak Salimi, Luke Rodriguez, Bill Howe, and Dan Suciu. 2019. Interventional fairness: Causal database repair for algorithmic fairness. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD\u201919), Peter A. Boncz, Stefan Manegold, Anastasia Ailamaki, Amol Deshpande, and Tim Kraska (Eds.). ACM, 793--810. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3299869.3319901"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Extending Database Technology (EDBT\u201920)","author":"Schelter Sebastian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sebastian Schelter , Yuxuan He , Jatin Khilnani , and Julia Stoyanovich . 2020 . FairPrep: Promoting data to a first-class citizen in studies on fairness-enhancing interventions . In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Extending Database Technology (EDBT\u201920) , Angela Bonifati, Yongluan Zhou, Marcos Antonio Vaz Salles, Alexander B\u00f6hm, Dan Olteanu, George H. L. Fletcher, Arijit Khan, and Bin Yang (Eds.). OpenProceedings.org, 395--398. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5441\/002\/edbt. 2020.41 Sebastian Schelter, Yuxuan He, Jatin Khilnani, and Julia Stoyanovich. 2020. FairPrep: Promoting data to a first-class citizen in studies on fairness-enhancing interventions. In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Extending Database Technology (EDBT\u201920), Angela Bonifati, Yongluan Zhou, Marcos Antonio Vaz Salles, Alexander B\u00f6hm, Dan Olteanu, George H. L. Fletcher, Arijit Khan, and Bin Yang (Eds.). OpenProceedings.org, 395--398. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5441\/002\/edbt.2020.41"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/9780822374794"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Nutritional labels for data and models","volume":"42","author":"Stoyanovich Julia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Julia Stoyanovich and Bill Howe . 2019 . Nutritional labels for data and models . IEEE Data Eng. Bull. 42 , 3 (2019), 13 -- 23 . Retrieved from http:\/\/sites.computer.org\/debull\/A19sept\/p13.pdf. Julia Stoyanovich and Bill Howe. 2019. Nutritional labels for data and models. IEEE Data Eng. Bull. 42, 3 (2019), 13--23. Retrieved from http:\/\/sites.computer.org\/debull\/A19sept\/p13.pdf.","journal-title":"IEEE Data Eng. Bull."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3415478.3415570"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Teaching responsible data science: Charting new pedagogical territory. CoRR abs\/1912.10564","author":"Stoyanovich Julia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Julia Stoyanovich and Armanda Lewis . 2019. Teaching responsible data science: Charting new pedagogical territory. CoRR abs\/1912.10564 ( 2019 ). Julia Stoyanovich and Armanda Lewis. 2019. Teaching responsible data science: Charting new pedagogical territory. CoRR abs\/1912.10564 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Extending Database Technology (EDBT\u201918)","author":"Stoyanovich Julia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Julia Stoyanovich , Ke Yang , and H. V. Jagadish . 2018. Online set selection with fairness and diversity constraints . In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Extending Database Technology (EDBT\u201918) , Michael H. B\u00f6hlen, Reinhard Pichler, Norman May, Erhard Rahm, Shan-Hung Wu, and Katja Hose (Eds.). OpenProceedings.org, 241--252. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5441\/002\/edbt. 2018 .22 Julia Stoyanovich, Ke Yang, and H. V. Jagadish. 2018. Online set selection with fairness and diversity constraints. In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Extending Database Technology (EDBT\u201918), Michael H. B\u00f6hlen, Reinhard Pichler, Norman May, Erhard Rahm, Shan-Hung Wu, and Katja Hose (Eds.). OpenProceedings.org, 241--252. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5441\/002\/edbt.2018.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3357384.3357853"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 28th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI\u201919)","author":"Yang Ke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ke Yang , Vasilis Gkatzelis , and Julia Stoyanovich . 2019 . Balanced ranking with diversity constraints . In Proceedings of the 28th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI\u201919) , Sarit Kraus (Ed.). ijcai.org, 6035--6042. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24963\/ijcai. 2019\/836 Ke Yang, Vasilis Gkatzelis, and Julia Stoyanovich. 2019. Balanced ranking with diversity constraints. In Proceedings of the 28th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI\u201919), Sarit Kraus (Ed.). ijcai.org, 6035--6042. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24963\/ijcai.2019\/836"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Causal intersectionality for fair ranking. CoRR abs\/2006.08688","author":"Yang Ke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ke Yang , Joshua R. Loftus , and Julia Stoyanovich . 2020. Causal intersectionality for fair ranking. CoRR abs\/2006.08688 ( 2020 ). Ke Yang, Joshua R. Loftus, and Julia Stoyanovich. 2020. Causal intersectionality for fair ranking. CoRR abs\/2006.08688 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Scientific and Statistical Database Management. ACM, 22:1--22:6. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10","author":"Yang Ke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ke Yang and Julia Stoyanovich . 2017 . Measuring fairness in ranked outputs . In Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Scientific and Statistical Database Management. ACM, 22:1--22:6. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10 .1145\/3085504.3085526 Ke Yang and Julia Stoyanovich. 2017. Measuring fairness in ranked outputs. In Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Scientific and Statistical Database Management. ACM, 22:1--22:6. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3085504.3085526"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD\u201918)","author":"Yang Ke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ke Yang , Julia Stoyanovich , Abolfazl Asudeh , Bill Howe , H. V. Jagadish , and Gerome Miklau . 2018 . A nutritional label for rankings . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD\u201918) , Gautam Das, Christopher M. Jermaine, and Philip A. Bernstein (Eds.). ACM, 1773--1776. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3 183713.3193568 Ke Yang, Julia Stoyanovich, Abolfazl Asudeh, Bill Howe, H. V. Jagadish, and Gerome Miklau. 2018. A nutritional label for rankings. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD\u201918), Gautam Das, Christopher M. Jermaine, and Philip A. Bernstein (Eds.). ACM, 1773--1776. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3183713.3193568"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAT\u201919)","author":"Young Meg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Meg Young , Luke Rodriguez , Emily Keller , Feiyang Sun , Boyang Sa , Jan Whittington , and Bill Howe . 2019 . Beyond open vs. closed: Balancing individual privacy and public accountability in data sharing . In Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAT\u201919) . ACM, 191--200. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3287560.3287577 Meg Young, Luke Rodriguez, Emily Keller, Feiyang Sun, Boyang Sa, Jan Whittington, and Bill Howe. 2019. Beyond open vs. closed: Balancing individual privacy and public accountability in data sharing. In Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAT\u201919). ACM, 191--200. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3287560.3287577"}],"container-title":["Digital Government: Research and Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3440889","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3440889","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3440889","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T21:28:19Z","timestamp":1750195699000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3440889"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3440889"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3440889","relation":{},"ISSN":["2691-199X","2639-0175"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2691-199X","type":"print"},{"value":"2639-0175","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-09-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-03-08","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}