{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T07:24:36Z","timestamp":1792740276889,"version":"4.5.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":108,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1704425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1704425"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445935","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T20:26:24Z","timestamp":1614716784000},"page":"735-746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":199,"title":["Algorithmic Impact Assessments and Accountability"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Jacob","family":"Metcalf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Data & Society Research Institute New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuel","family":"Moss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data & Society Research Institute New York, NY CUNY Graduate Center New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth Anne","family":"Watkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princeton Center for Information Technology Policy Princeton, NJ Data & Society Research Institute New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranjit","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data & Society Research Institute New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeleine Clare","family":"Elish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data & Society Research Institute New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Adebayo and others","author":"Julius","year":"2016","unstructured":"Julius A. Adebayo and others. 2016. FairML: ToolBox for diagnosing bias in predictive modeling. Ph.D. Dissertation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. https:\/\/dspace.mit.edu\/handle\/1721.1\/108212"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Concrete Problems in AI Safety. arXiv:1606.06565 [cs] (June","author":"Amodei Dario","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dario Amodei, Chris Olah, Jacob Steinhardt, Paul Christiano, John Schulman, and Dan Man\u00e9. 2016. Concrete Problems in AI Safety. arXiv:1606.06565 [cs] (June 2016). http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1606.06565 arXiv:1606.06565."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Machine Bias: There's Software Used Across the Country to Predict Future Criminals. And it's Biased Against Blacks. ProPublica (May","author":"Angwin Julia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Julia Angwin, Jeff Larson, Surya Mattu, and Lauren Kirchner. 2016. Machine Bias: There's Software Used Across the Country to Predict Future Criminals. And it's Biased Against Blacks. ProPublica (May 2016). https:\/\/www.propublica.org\/article\/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Privacy Impact Assessment","author":"Bamberger K.A.","unstructured":"K.A. Bamberger and Deirdre K Mulligan. [n.d.]. PIA requirements and privacy decision-making in US government agencies. In Privacy Impact Assessment. Springer, Dordrecht, 225--250."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/345321"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2477899"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code","author":"Benjamin Ruha","unstructured":"Ruha Benjamin. 2019. Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code. Polity Press, Medford, MA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. Bieker M. Friedewald M. Hansen H. Obersteller and M. Rost. 2016. A process for data protection impact assessment under the european general data protection regulation. In Annual Privacy Forum. Frankfurt 21--37.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-44760-5_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Of bicycles, bakelites, and bulbs: toward a theory of sociotechnical change","author":"Bijker Wiebe E.","unstructured":"Wiebe E. Bijker. 1995. Of bicycles, bakelites, and bulbs: toward a theory of sociotechnical change. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Thomas Parke Hughes","author":"Bijker Wiebe E.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Wiebe E. Bijker, Thomas Parke Hughes, and Trevor Pinch (Eds.). 1987. The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Bijker and John Law (Eds.)","author":"Wiebe","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wiebe E. Bijker and John Law (Eds.). 1992. Shaping Technology\/Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"On the Apparent Conflict Between Individual and Group Fairness. arXiv:1912.06883 [cs, stat] (Dec","author":"Binns Reuben","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reuben Binns. 2019. On the Apparent Conflict Between Individual and Group Fairness. arXiv:1912.06883 [cs, stat] (Dec. 2019). http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1912.06883 arXiv:1912.06883."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Quantifying and reducing stereotypes in word embeddings. arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.06121","author":"Bolukbasi Tolga","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tolga Bolukbasi, Kai-Wei Chang, James Zou, Venkatesh Saligrama, and Adam Kalai. 2016. Quantifying and reducing stereotypes in word embeddings. arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.06121 (2016). https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1606.06121"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Sen. Cory Booker. 2019. Booker Wyden Clarke Introduce Bill Requiring Companies To Target Bias In Corporate Algorithms. https:\/\/www.booker.senate.gov\/news\/press\/booker-wyden-clarke-introduce-bill-requiring-companies-to-target-bias-in-corporate-algorithms"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0386.2007.00378.x_eprint:"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Data flakes: An afterword to \"raw data\" is an oxymoron. Raw data\" is an oxymoron","author":"Bowker Geoffrey C.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Geoffrey C. Bowker. 2013. Data flakes: An afterword to \"raw data\" is an oxymoron. Raw data\" is an oxymoron (2013), 167--171."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Data and Discrimination: Collected Essays, Seeta Pe\u00f1a Gangadharan","unstructured":"danah boyd. 2014. The Networked Nature of Algorithmic Discrimination. In Data and Discrimination: Collected Essays, Seeta Pe\u00f1a Gangadharan, With Virginia Eubanks, and Solon Barocas (Eds.). Open Technology Institute, 6."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Harry Brignull. 2013. Dark Patterns: inside the interfaces designed to trick you. https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2013\/8\/29\/4640308\/dark-patterns-inside-the-interfaces-designed-to-trick-you"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13549839908725577"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Joy Buolamwini. 2019. Response: Racial and Gender bias in Amazon Rekognition --- Commercial AI System for Analyzing Faces. https:\/\/medium.com\/@Joy.Buolamwini\/response-racial-and-gender-bias-in-amazon-rekognition-commercial-ai-system-for-analyzing-faces-a289222eeced"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of Machine Learning Research","volume":"18","author":"Buolamwini Joy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Joy Buolamwini and Timnit Gebru. 2018. Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification. In Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, Vol. 18."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Dolphin","author":"Burchell Robert W.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Robert W. Burchell, David Listokin, and William R. Dolphin. 1985. The New Practitioner's Guide to Fiscal Impact Analysis. Center for Urban Policy Research, New Brunswick, NJ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Foxley","author":"Burchell Robert W.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Robert W. Burchell, David Listokin, William R. Dolphin, Lawrence Q. Newton, and Susan J. Foxley. 1994. Development Impact Assessment Handbook. Urban Land Institute, Washington, DC."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency. 134--148","author":"Chouldechova Alexandra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alexandra Chouldechova, Diana Benavides-Prado, Oleksandr Fialko, and Rhema Vaithianathan. 2018. A case study of algorithm-assisted decision making in child maltreatment hotline screening decisions. In Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency. 134--148. http:\/\/proceedings.mlr.press\/v81\/chouldechova18a.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Privacy impact assessment: Its origins and development. Computer law & security review 25, 2","author":"Clarke Roger","year":"2009","unstructured":"Roger Clarke. 2009. Privacy impact assessment: Its origins and development. Computer law & security review 25, 2 (2009), 123--135."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Algorithmic Accountability Act of","author":"Clarke Yvette D.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yvette D. Clarke. 2019. H.R.2231 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Algorithmic Accountability Act of 2019. https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/116th-congress\/house-bill\/2231 Archive Location: 2019\/2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1289740"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Changing Order: Replication and Induction in Scientific Practice","author":"Collins Harry","year":"1985","unstructured":"Harry Collins. 1985. Changing Order: Replication and Induction in Scientific Practice. Sage, London."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"The National Environmental Policy Act of","author":"Congress U.S.","year":"1969","unstructured":"U.S. Congress. 1969. The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969. https:\/\/www.fws.gov\/r9esnepa\/RelatedLegislativeAuthorities\/nepa1969.PDF"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"Noel Corriveau. 2018. The Government of Canada's Algorithmic Impact Assessment: Take Two. https:\/\/medium.com\/@supergovernance\/the-government-of-canadas-algorithmic-impact-assessment-take-two-8a22a87acf6f Library Catalog: medium.com."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Ethical analysis: Predictive risk models at call screening for Allegheny County. Unpublished report","author":"Dare Tim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tim Dare and Eileen Gambrill. 2016. Ethical analysis: Predictive risk models at call screening for Allegheny County. Unpublished report (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2844110"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"Dylan Doyle-Burke and Jessie Smith. [n.d.]. IBM Microsoft and Amazon Disavow Facial Recognition Technology: What Do You Need to Know? with Deb Raji. https:\/\/radicalai.podbean.com\/e\/ibm-microsoft-and-amazon-disavow-facial-recognition-technology-what-do-you-need-to-know-with-deb-raji\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4337\/9780857938732.00011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.lawsocsci.2.081805.105908"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14615517.2012.660356"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Automating inequality: How high-tech tools profile, police, and punish the poor","author":"Eubanks Virginia","unstructured":"Virginia Eubanks. 2018. Automating inequality: How high-tech tools profile, police, and punish the poor. St. Martin's Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","unstructured":"Facebook. 2018. Removing Myanmar Military Officials From Facebook. https:\/\/about.fb.com\/news\/2018\/08\/removing-myanmar-officials\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2783258.2783311"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14615517.2016.1140995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"William R Freudenburg. [n.d.]. Social Impact Assessment. ([n. d.]) 28."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"On the (im)possibility of fairness. arXiv:1609.07236 [cs, stat] (Sept","author":"Friedler Sorelle A.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sorelle A. Friedler, Carlos Scheidegger, and Suresh Venkatasubramanian. 2016. On the (im)possibility of fairness. arXiv:1609.07236 [cs, stat] (Sept. 2016). http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1609.07236 arXiv:1609.07236."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-009-9198-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"Hanna Wallach, Hal Daume\u00e9 III, and Kate Crawford.","author":"Gebru Timnit","year":"2018","unstructured":"Timnit Gebru, Jamie Morgenstern, Briana Vecchione, Jennifer Wortman Vaughan, Hanna Wallach, Hal Daume\u00e9 III, and Kate Crawford. 2018. Datasheets for Datasets. arXiv:1803.09010 [cs] (March 2018). http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1803.09010 arXiv:1803.09010."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th USENIX Workshop on Free and Open Communications on the Internet (FOCI '19)","author":"Goerzen Matt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Matt Goerzen, Elizabeth Anne Watkins, and Gabrielle Lim. 2019. Entanglements and Exploits: Sociotechnical Security as an Analytic Framework. In Proceedings of the 9th USENIX Workshop on Free and Open Communications on the Internet (FOCI '19). Santa Clara, CA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-17295-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372840"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2012.72"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"After the Neutrality Ideal: Science, Politics, and \"Strong Objectivity","volume":"59","author":"Harding Sandra","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sandra Harding. 1992. After the Neutrality Ideal: Science, Politics, and \"Strong Objectivity\". Social Research 59, 3 (1992), 22.","journal-title":"Social Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"Revealed: Facebook hate speech exploded in Myanmar during Rohingya crisis. The Guardian (April","author":"Hogan Libby","year":"2018","unstructured":"Libby Hogan and Michael Safi. 2018. Revealed: Facebook hate speech exploded in Myanmar during Rohingya crisis. The Guardian (April 2018). https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2018\/apr\/03\/revealed-facebook-hate-speech-exploded-in-myanmar-during-rohingya-crisis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","unstructured":"IAIA. 2009. What is Impact Assessment."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1527-2001.2010.01138.x_eprint:"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"States of knowledge: the co-production of science and the social order","author":"Jasanoff Sheila","unstructured":"Sheila Jasanoff. 2004. States of knowledge: the co-production of science and the social order. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2006.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"Amsterdam and Helsinki launch algorithm registries to bring transparency to public deployments of AI. VentureBeat (Sept","author":"Johnson Khari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khari Johnson. 2020. Amsterdam and Helsinki launch algorithm registries to bring transparency to public deployments of AI. VentureBeat (Sept. 2020). https:\/\/venturebeat.com\/2020\/09\/28\/amsterdam-and-helsinki-launch-algorithm-registries-to-bring-transparency-to-public-deployments-of-ai\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3456224"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","unstructured":"Michael Karlin. [n.d.]. Author biography. https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/authors\/michael-karlin\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","unstructured":"Michael Karlin. 2018. The Government of Canada's Algorithmic Impact Assessment: Take Two. https:\/\/medium.com\/@supergovernance\/the-government-of-canadas-algorithmic-impact-assessment-take-two-8a22a87acf6f"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","first-page":"54","article-title":"Private Accountability in the Age of Artificial Intelligence","volume":"66","author":"Katyal Sonia K","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sonia K Katyal. 2019. Private Accountability in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. UCLA Law R. 66 (2019), 54.","journal-title":"UCLA Law R."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14615517.2013.782978"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","volume-title":"Can Facebook's Oversight Board Win People's Trust? Harvard Business Review (Jan","author":"Latonero Mark","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mark Latonero. 2020. Can Facebook's Oversight Board Win People's Trust? Harvard Business Review (Jan. 2020), 4. https:\/\/hbr.org\/2020\/01\/can-facebooks-oversight-board-win-peoples-trust"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","volume-title":"Reassembling the social: an introduction to actor-network-theory","author":"Latour Bruno","unstructured":"Bruno Latour. 2005. Reassembling the social: an introduction to actor-network-theory. Oxford University Press, Oxford; New York. OCLC: ocm58054359."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-9255(00)00036-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07349165.1994.9725868"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_68_1","unstructured":"Mathieu Lemay. 2019. Understanding Canada's Algorithmic Impact Assessment Tool. https:\/\/towardsdatascience.com\/understanding-canadas-algorithmic-impact-assessment-tool-cd0d3c8cafab"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-0889-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10746-016-9385-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_71_1","volume-title":"The Uses of Experiment: Studies in the Natural Sciences","author":"MacKenzie Donald","unstructured":"Donald MacKenzie. 1989. From Kwajalein to Armageddon? Testing and the Social Construction of Missle Accuracy. In The Uses of Experiment: Studies in the Natural Sciences, David Gooding, Trevor Pinch, and Simon Schaffer (Eds.). Cambridge University Press, New York, 409--436."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_72_1","volume-title":"MacKenzie and Judy Wajcman (Eds.)","author":"Donald","year":"1985","unstructured":"Donald A. MacKenzie and Judy Wajcman (Eds.). 1985. The Social shaping of technology: how the refrigerator got its hum. Open University Press, Milton Keynes; Philadelphia."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-014-9156-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2018.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_75_1","unstructured":"Glenn E. Martin. 2017. Those closest to the problem are closest to the solution. https:\/\/theappeal.org\/those-closest-to-the-problem-are-closest-to-the-solution-555e04317b79\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/sor.2019.0022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_77_1","volume-title":"investigators cite Facebook role in Myanmar crisis","author":"Miles Tom","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tom Miles. 2018. U.N. investigators cite Facebook role in Myanmar crisis. Reuters (2018), 10."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3287560.3287596"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2004.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14615517.2012.661557"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_81_1","volume-title":"Methods of environmental impact assessment","author":"Morris Peter","unstructured":"Peter Morris and Riki Therivel. 2001. Methods of environmental impact assessment. Spon Press, London; New York. http:\/\/site.ebrary.com\/id\/5001176 OCLC: 50016773."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_82_1","volume-title":"High Tech","author":"Moss Emanuel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Emanuel Moss and Jacob Metcalf. 2020. High Tech, High Risk: Tech Ethics Lessons for the COVID-19 Pandemic Response. Patterns 1, 7 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_83_1","volume-title":"Jacob Metcalf, and Madeleine Clare Elish.","author":"Moss Emanuel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Emanuel Moss, Elizabeth Anne Watkins, Jacob Metcalf, and Madeleine Clare Elish. 2020. Governing with Algorithmic Impact Assessments: Six Observations. SSRN Electronic Journal (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3464203"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_85_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Privacy as Contextual Integrity","volume":"79","author":"Nissenbaum Helen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Helen Nissenbaum. 2004. Privacy as Contextual Integrity. Wash. L. Rev. 79, 119 (2004), 25.","journal-title":"Wash. L. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_86_1","unstructured":"OECD. 2014. What is Impact Assessment. https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/sti\/inno\/What-is-impact-assessment-OECDImpact.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_87_1","volume-title":"E-Government Act of","author":"Canada Government","year":"2002","unstructured":"Government of Canada. 2002. E-Government Act of 2002. https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/PLAW-107publ347\/pdf\/PLAW-107publ347.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_88_1","unstructured":"Government of Canada. 2020. aia-eia-js\/survey-enfr.json at master \u2022 canada-ca\/aia-eia-js \u2022 GitHub. https:\/\/github.com\/canada-ca\/aia-eia-js\/blob\/master\/src\/survey-enfr.json"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_89_1","unstructured":"Government of Canada. 2020. Algorithmic Impact Assessment - \u00c9valuation de l'Incidence Algorithmique. https:\/\/canada-ca.github.io\/aia-eia-js\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_90_1","unstructured":"Government of Canada. 2020. Canadian Treasury Board Directive on the Use of Machine Learning for Decision-Making. https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1LdciG-UYeokx3U7ZzRng3u4T3IHrBXXk9JddjjueQok\/edit"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_91_1","unstructured":"Council of Europe. 2016. General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Official Legal Text. https:\/\/gdpr-info.eu\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_92_1","volume-title":"Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment Volume 2: Impact and Limitations","author":"Petts Judith","unstructured":"Judith Petts. 1999. Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment Volume 2: Impact and Limitations. Vol. 2. Blackwell Science, Oxford."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_93_1","volume-title":"Trust in numbers: the pursuit of objectivity in science and public life","author":"Porter Theodore M.","unstructured":"Theodore M. Porter. 1995. Trust in numbers: the pursuit of objectivity in science and public life. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3306618.3314244"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372873"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2013.05.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1754428.1754432"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-1625(96)00180-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951717738104"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2819182"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3287560.3287598"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_104_1","volume-title":"Dialogus physicus de natura aeris by Simon Schaffer","author":"Shapin Steven","unstructured":"Steven Shapin, Simon Schaffer, and Thomas Hobbes. 1985. Leviathan and the air-pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the experimental life: including a translation of Thomas Hobbes, Dialogus physicus de natura aeris by Simon Schaffer. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_105_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Sloane Mona","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mona Sloane, Emanuel Moss, Olaitan Awomolo, and Laura Forlano. 2020. Participation is not a Design Fix for Machine Learning. In Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Machine Learning. Vienna, Austria, 7."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_106_1","volume-title":"Distributed artificial intelligence","author":"Star Susan Leigh","unstructured":"Susan Leigh Star. 1989. The Structure of Ill-Structured Solutions: Boundary Objects and Heterogenous Distributed Problem Solving. In Distributed artificial intelligence, L. Gasser and M. Huhns (Eds.). Pitman, London."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_107_1","volume-title":"Facebook Admits It Was Used to Incite Violence in Myanmar (Published","author":"Stevenson Alexandra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alexandra Stevenson. 2018. Facebook Admits It Was Used to Incite Violence in Myanmar (Published 2018). The New York Times (Nov. 2018). https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/11\/06\/technology\/myanmar-facebook.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_108_1","unstructured":"D. Tancock S. Pearson and A. Charlesworth. 2010. The emergence of privacy impact assessments. Technical Report. Hewlett Packard. http:\/\/www.hpl.hp.com\/techreports\/2010\/HPL-2010-63.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_110_1","unstructured":"Kush R. Varshney. 2018. Introducing AI Fairness 360 A Step Towards Trusted AI - IBM Research. https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/blogs\/research\/2018\/09\/ai-fairness-360\/Library Catalog: www.ibm.com Section: AI."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372833"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_112_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"Environmental Racism and Biased Methods of Risk Assessment","volume":"7","author":"Wigley Daniel C","year":"1996","unstructured":"Daniel C Wigley and Kristin S Shrader-Frechette. 1996. Environmental Racism and Biased Methods of Risk Assessment. RISK 7 (1996), 55--88.","journal-title":"RISK"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/can.2004.19.3.365"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_114_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"An Analytic Challenge: Discrimination Theory in the Age of Predictive Analytics","volume":"14","author":"Zarsky Tal Z.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tal Z. Zarsky. 2017. An Analytic Challenge: Discrimination Theory in the Age of Predictive Analytics. ISJLP 14 (2017), 11.","journal-title":"ISJLP"}],"event":{"name":"FAccT '21: 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","location":"Virtual Event Canada","acronym":"FAccT '21","sponsor":["ACM Association for Computing Machinery"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3442188.3445935","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3442188.3445935","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3442188.3445935","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T16:48:57Z","timestamp":1750178937000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3442188.3445935"}},"subtitle":["The Co-construction of Impacts"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":108,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3442188.3445935","10.1145\/3442188"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3442188.3445935","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-03-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}