{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T15:22:51Z","timestamp":1776093771206,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":76,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3442381.3450097","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]],"date-time":"2021-06-03T19:02:07Z","timestamp":1622746927000},"page":"194-205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Towards Facilitating Empathic Conversations in Online Mental Health Support: A Reinforcement Learning Approach"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Ashish","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, USA"}]},{"given":"Inna W.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, USA"}]},{"given":"Adam S.","family":"Miner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University, USA"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Atkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, USA"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Althoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Large-scale analysis of counseling conversations: An application of natural language processing to mental health. TACL","author":"Althoff Tim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tim Althoff , Kevin Clark , and Jure Leskovec . 2016. Large-scale analysis of counseling conversations: An application of natural language processing to mental health. TACL ( 2016 ). Tim Althoff, Kevin Clark, and Jure Leskovec. 2016. Large-scale analysis of counseling conversations: An application of natural language processing to mental health. TACL (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C\u00a0Daniel Batson. 2009. These things called empathy: eight related but distinct phenomena.(2009).  C\u00a0Daniel Batson. 2009. These things called empathy: eight related but distinct phenomena.(2009).","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262012973.003.0002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Psychotherapy relationships that work: Therapist contributions and responsiveness to patients","author":"Bohart C","year":"2002","unstructured":"Arthur\u00a0 C Bohart , Robert Elliott , Leslie\u00a0 S Greenberg , and Jeanne\u00a0 C Watson . 2002. Empathy. J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work: Therapist contributions and responsiveness to patients ( 2002 ). Arthur\u00a0C Bohart, Robert Elliott, Leslie\u00a0S Greenberg, and Jeanne\u00a0C Watson. 2002. Empathy.J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work: Therapist contributions and responsiveness to patients (2002)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Empathy reconsidered: New directions in psychotherapy","author":"Bohart C","unstructured":"Arthur\u00a0 C Bohart and Leslie\u00a0 S Greenberg . 1997. Empathy reconsidered: New directions in psychotherapy . American Psychological Association . Arthur\u00a0C Bohart and Leslie\u00a0S Greenberg. 1997. Empathy reconsidered: New directions in psychotherapy.American Psychological Association."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Tom\u00a0B Brown Benjamin Mann Nick Ryder Melanie Subbiah Jared Kaplan Prafulla Dhariwal Arvind Neelakantan Pranav Shyam Girish Sastry Amanda Askell 2020. Language models are few-shot learners. arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.14165(2020).  Tom\u00a0B Brown Benjamin Mann Nick Ryder Melanie Subbiah Jared Kaplan Prafulla Dhariwal Arvind Neelakantan Pranav Shyam Girish Sastry Amanda Askell 2020. Language models are few-shot learners. arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.14165(2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sven Buechel Anneke Buffone Barry Slaff Lyle Ungar and Jo\u00e3o Sedoc. 2018. Modeling Empathy and Distress in Reaction to News Stories. In EMNLP.  Sven Buechel Anneke Buffone Barry Slaff Lyle Ungar and Jo\u00e3o Sedoc. 2018. Modeling Empathy and Distress in Reaction to News Stories. In EMNLP.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D18-1507"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"How and why are some therapists better than others?: Understanding therapist effects","author":"Castonguay G","unstructured":"Louis\u00a0 G Castonguay and Clara\u00a0 E Hill . 2017. How and why are some therapists better than others?: Understanding therapist effects . American Psychological Association . Louis\u00a0G Castonguay and Clara\u00a0E Hill. 2017. How and why are some therapists better than others?: Understanding therapist effects.American Psychological Association."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mia\u00a0Xu Chen Benjamin\u00a0N Lee Gagan Bansal Yuan Cao Shuyuan Zhang Justin Lu Jackie Tsay Yinan Wang Andrew\u00a0M Dai Zhifeng Chen 2019. Gmail smart compose: Real-time assisted writing. In SIGKDD.  Mia\u00a0Xu Chen Benjamin\u00a0N Lee Gagan Bansal Yuan Cao Shuyuan Zhang Justin Lu Jackie Tsay Yinan Wang Andrew\u00a0M Dai Zhifeng Chen 2019. Gmail smart compose: Real-time assisted writing. In SIGKDD.","DOI":"10.1145\/3292500.3330723"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elizabeth Clark Anne\u00a0Spencer Ross Chenhao Tan Yangfeng Ji and Noah\u00a0A Smith. 2018. Creative writing with a machine in the loop: Case studies on slogans and stories. In IUI.  Elizabeth Clark Anne\u00a0Spencer Ross Chenhao Tan Yangfeng Ji and Noah\u00a0A Smith. 2018. Creative writing with a machine in the loop: Case studies on slogans and stories. In IUI.","DOI":"10.1145\/3172944.3172983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sunny Collings and Thomas Niederkrotenthaler. 2012. Suicide prevention and emergent media: surfing the opportunity.  Sunny Collings and Thomas Niederkrotenthaler. 2012. Suicide prevention and emergent media: surfing the opportunity.","DOI":"10.1027\/0227-5910\/a000141"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Grand challenges in global mental health. Nature","author":"Collins Y","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pamela\u00a0 Y Collins , Vikram Patel , Sarah\u00a0 S Joestl , Dana March , Thomas\u00a0 R Insel , Abdallah\u00a0 S Daar , Isabel\u00a0 A Bordin , E\u00a0Jane Costello , Maureen Durkin , Christopher Fairburn , 2011. Grand challenges in global mental health. Nature ( 2011 ). Pamela\u00a0Y Collins, Vikram Patel, Sarah\u00a0S Joestl, Dana March, Thomas\u00a0R Insel, Abdallah\u00a0S Daar, Isabel\u00a0A Bordin, E\u00a0Jane Costello, Maureen Durkin, Christopher Fairburn, 2011. Grand challenges in global mental health. Nature (2011)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ning Dai Jianze Liang Xipeng Qiu and Xuanjing Huang. 2019. Style transformer: Unpaired text style transfer without disentangled latent representation. ACL.  Ning Dai Jianze Liang Xipeng Qiu and Xuanjing Huang. 2019. Style transformer: Unpaired text style transfer without disentangled latent representation. ACL.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1601"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"Sumanth Dathathri Andrea Madotto Janice Lan Jane Hung Eric Frank Piero Molino Jason Yosinski and Rosanne Liu. 2020. Plug and Play Language Models: A Simple Approach to Controlled Text Generation. In ICLR.  Sumanth Dathathri Andrea Madotto Janice Lan Jane Hung Eric Frank Piero Molino Jason Yosinski and Rosanne Liu. 2020. Plug and Play Language Models: A Simple Approach to Controlled Text Generation. In ICLR."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","author":"H Davis","year":"1980","unstructured":"Mark\u00a0 H Davis 1980. A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology ( 1980 ). Mark\u00a0H Davis 1980. A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (1980)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. In NAACL-HLT.","author":"Devlin Jacob","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jacob Devlin , Ming-Wei Chang , Kenton Lee , and Kristina Toutanova . 2019 . Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. In NAACL-HLT. Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. 2019. Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. In NAACL-HLT."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Changming Duan and Clara\u00a0E Hill. 1996. The current state of empathy research.Journal of counseling psychology(1996).  Changming Duan and Clara\u00a0E Hill. 1996. The current state of empathy research.Journal of counseling psychology(1996)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robert Elliott Arthur\u00a0C Bohart Jeanne\u00a0C Watson and Leslie\u00a0S Greenberg. 2011. Empathy.Psychotherapy (2011).  Robert Elliott Arthur\u00a0C Bohart Jeanne\u00a0C Watson and Leslie\u00a0S Greenberg. 2011. Empathy.Psychotherapy (2011).","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199737208.003.0006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Therapist empathy and client outcome: An updated meta-analysis.Psychotherapy","author":"Elliott Robert","year":"2018","unstructured":"Robert Elliott , Arthur\u00a0 C Bohart , Jeanne\u00a0 C Watson , and David Murphy . 2018. Therapist empathy and client outcome: An updated meta-analysis.Psychotherapy ( 2018 ). Robert Elliott, Arthur\u00a0C Bohart, Jeanne\u00a0C Watson, and David Murphy. 2018. Therapist empathy and client outcome: An updated meta-analysis.Psychotherapy (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Liye Fu Susan\u00a0R. Fussell and Cristian Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil. 2020. Facilitating the Communication of Politeness through Fine-Grained Paraphrasing. In EMNLP.  Liye Fu Susan\u00a0R. Fussell and Cristian Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil. 2020. Facilitating the Communication of Politeness through Fine-Grained Paraphrasing. In EMNLP."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"A Deep Learning Approach to Modeling Empathy in Addiction Counseling. Interspeech","author":"Gibson James","year":"2016","unstructured":"James Gibson , Do\u011fan Can , Bo Xiao , Zac\u00a0 E Imel , David\u00a0 C Atkins , Panayiotis Georgiou , and Shrikanth\u00a0 S Narayanan . 2016. A Deep Learning Approach to Modeling Empathy in Addiction Counseling. Interspeech ( 2016 ). James Gibson, Do\u011fan Can, Bo Xiao, Zac\u00a0E Imel, David\u00a0C Atkins, Panayiotis Georgiou, and Shrikanth\u00a0S Narayanan. 2016. A Deep Learning Approach to Modeling Empathy in Addiction Counseling. Interspeech (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Robert\u00a0J DeRubeis, and Daniel\u00a0R Strunk.","author":"Goldstein A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lizabeth\u00a0 A Goldstein , Abby D\u00a0Adler Mandel , Robert\u00a0J DeRubeis, and Daniel\u00a0R Strunk. 2020 . Outcomes, skill acquisition, and the alliance: Similarities and differences between clinical trial and student therapists. Behaviour research and therapy(2020). Lizabeth\u00a0A Goldstein, Abby D\u00a0Adler Mandel, Robert\u00a0J DeRubeis, and Daniel\u00a0R Strunk. 2020. Outcomes, skill acquisition, and the alliance: Similarities and differences between clinical trial and student therapists. Behaviour research and therapy(2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Junxian He Xinyi Wang Graham Neubig and Taylor Berg-Kirkpatrick. 2019. A Probabilistic Formulation of Unsupervised Text Style Transfer. In ICLR.  Junxian He Xinyi Wang Graham Neubig and Taylor Berg-Kirkpatrick. 2019. A Probabilistic Formulation of Unsupervised Text Style Transfer. In ICLR."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Ari Holtzman Jan Buys Li Du Maxwell Forbes and Yejin Choi. 2020. The curious case of neural text degeneration. In ICLR.  Ari Holtzman Jan Buys Li Du Maxwell Forbes and Yejin Choi. 2020. The curious case of neural text degeneration. In ICLR."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Zhiting Hu Zichao Yang Xiaodan Liang Ruslan Salakhutdinov and Eric\u00a0P Xing. 2017. Toward controlled generation of text. In ICML.  Zhiting Hu Zichao Yang Xiaodan Liang Ruslan Salakhutdinov and Eric\u00a0P Xing. 2017. Toward controlled generation of text. In ICML."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Challenges in Building Intelligent Open-domain Dialog Systems. ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)","author":"Huang Minlie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Minlie Huang , Xiaoyan Zhu , and Jianfeng Gao . 2020. Challenges in Building Intelligent Open-domain Dialog Systems. ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS) ( 2020 ). Minlie Huang, Xiaoyan Zhu, and Jianfeng Gao. 2020. Challenges in Building Intelligent Open-domain Dialog Systems. ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS) (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Computational psychotherapy research: Scaling up the evaluation of patient\u2013provider interactions.Psychotherapy","author":"Imel E","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zac\u00a0 E Imel , Mark Steyvers , and David\u00a0 C Atkins . 2015. Computational psychotherapy research: Scaling up the evaluation of patient\u2013provider interactions.Psychotherapy ( 2015 ). Zac\u00a0E Imel, Mark Steyvers, and David\u00a0C Atkins. 2015. Computational psychotherapy research: Scaling up the evaluation of patient\u2013provider interactions.Psychotherapy (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamed Khanpour Cornelia Caragea and Prakhar Biyani. 2017. Identifying empathetic messages in online health communities. In IJCNLP.  Hamed Khanpour Cornelia Caragea and Prakhar Biyani. 2017. Identifying empathetic messages in online health communities. In IJCNLP.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v32i1.12170"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W19-3002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461(2019).","author":"Lewis Mike","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mike Lewis , Yinhan Liu , Naman Goyal , Marjan Ghazvininejad , Abdelrahman Mohamed , Omer Levy , Ves Stoyanov , and Luke Zettlemoyer . 2019 . Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461(2019). Mike Lewis, Yinhan Liu, Naman Goyal, Marjan Ghazvininejad, Abdelrahman Mohamed, Omer Levy, Ves Stoyanov, and Luke Zettlemoyer. 2019. Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461(2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"Jiwei Li Michel Galley Chris Brockett Jianfeng Gao and Bill Dolan. 2016. A Diversity-Promoting Objective Function for Neural Conversation Models. In NAACL-HLT.  Jiwei Li Michel Galley Chris Brockett Jianfeng Gao and Bill Dolan. 2016. A Diversity-Promoting Objective Function for Neural Conversation Models. In NAACL-HLT."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"Juncen Li Robin Jia He He and Percy Liang. 2018. Delete Retrieve Generate: a Simple Approach to Sentiment and Style Transfer. In ACL.  Juncen Li Robin Jia He He and Percy Liang. 2018. Delete Retrieve Generate: a Simple Approach to Sentiment and Style Transfer. In ACL."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"Jiwei Li Will Monroe Alan Ritter Dan Jurafsky Michel Galley and Jianfeng Gao. 2016. Deep Reinforcement Learning for Dialogue Generation. In EMNLP.  Jiwei Li Will Monroe Alan Ritter Dan Jurafsky Michel Galley and Jianfeng Gao. 2016. Deep Reinforcement Learning for Dialogue Generation. In EMNLP."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"Ron\u00a0C Li Steven\u00a0M Asch and Nigam\u00a0H Shah. 2020. Developing a delivery science for artificial intelligence in healthcare. NPJ Digital Medicine(2020).  Ron\u00a0C Li Steven\u00a0M Asch and Nigam\u00a0H Shah. 2020. Developing a delivery science for artificial intelligence in healthcare. NPJ Digital Medicine(2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Moel: Mixture of empathetic listeners. In EMNLP.","author":"Lin Zhaojiang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhaojiang Lin , Andrea Madotto , Jamin Shin , Peng Xu , and Pascale Fung . 2019 . Moel: Mixture of empathetic listeners. In EMNLP. Zhaojiang Lin, Andrea Madotto, Jamin Shin, Peng Xu, and Pascale Fung. 2019. Moel: Mixture of empathetic listeners. In EMNLP."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"Chia-Wei Liu Ryan Lowe Iulian\u00a0Vlad Serban Mike Noseworthy Laurent Charlin and Joelle Pineau. 2016. How NOT To Evaluate Your Dialogue System: An Empirical Study of Unsupervised Evaluation Metrics for Dialogue Response Generation. In EMNLP.  Chia-Wei Liu Ryan Lowe Iulian\u00a0Vlad Serban Mike Noseworthy Laurent Charlin and Joelle Pineau. 2016. How NOT To Evaluate Your Dialogue System: An Empirical Study of Unsupervised Evaluation Metrics for Dialogue Response Generation. In EMNLP."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Roberta: A robustly optimized bert pretraining approach. arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.11692(2019).","author":"Liu Yinhan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yinhan Liu , Myle Ott , Naman Goyal , Jingfei Du , Mandar Joshi , Danqi Chen , Omer Levy , Mike Lewis , Luke Zettlemoyer , and Veselin Stoyanov . 2019 . Roberta: A robustly optimized bert pretraining approach. arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.11692(2019). Yinhan Liu, Myle Ott, Naman Goyal, Jingfei Du, Mandar Joshi, Danqi Chen, Omer Levy, Mike Lewis, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Veselin Stoyanov. 2019. Roberta: A robustly optimized bert pretraining approach. arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.11692(2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuli Luo Peng Li Jie Zhou Pengcheng Yang Baobao Chang Xu Sun and Zhifang Sui. 2019. A dual reinforcement learning framework for unsupervised text style transfer. In IJCAI.  Fuli Luo Peng Li Jie Zhou Pengcheng Yang Baobao Chang Xu Sun and Zhifang Sui. 2019. A dual reinforcement learning framework for unsupervised text style transfer. In IJCAI.","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2019\/711"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David\u00a0D Luxton Jennifer\u00a0D June and Jonathan\u00a0M Fairall. 2012. Social media and suicide: a public health perspective. American journal of public health(2012).  David\u00a0D Luxton Jennifer\u00a0D June and Jonathan\u00a0M Fairall. 2012. Social media and suicide: a public health perspective. American journal of public health(2012).","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300608"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","unstructured":"Xinyao Ma Maarten Sap Hannah Rashkin and Yejin Choi. 2020. PowerTransformer: Unsupervised controllable revision for biased language correction. EMNLP.  Xinyao Ma Maarten Sap Hannah Rashkin and Yejin Choi. 2020. PowerTransformer: Unsupervised controllable revision for biased language correction. EMNLP."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","unstructured":"Florian Mai Nikolaos Pappas Ivan Montero Noah\u00a0A Smith and James Henderson. 2020. Plug and Play Autoencoders for Conditional Text Generation. In EMNLP.  Florian Mai Nikolaos Pappas Ivan Montero Noah\u00a0A Smith and James Henderson. 2020. Plug and Play Autoencoders for Conditional Text Generation. In EMNLP."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"MIME: MIMicking Emotions for Empathetic Response Generation. In EMNLP.","author":"Majumder Navonil","year":"2020","unstructured":"Navonil Majumder , Pengfei Hong , Shanshan Peng , Jiankun Lu , Deepanway Ghosal , Alexander Gelbukh , Rada Mihalcea , and Soujanya Poria . 2020 . MIME: MIMicking Emotions for Empathetic Response Generation. In EMNLP. Navonil Majumder, Pengfei Hong, Shanshan Peng, Jiankun Lu, Deepanway Ghosal, Alexander Gelbukh, Rada Mihalcea, and Soujanya Poria. 2020. MIME: MIMicking Emotions for Empathetic Response Generation. In EMNLP."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tara Matthews Kathleen O\u2019Leary Anna Turner Manya Sleeper Jill\u00a0Palzkill Woelfer Martin Shelton Cori Manthorne Elizabeth\u00a0F Churchill and Sunny Consolvo. 2017. Stories from survivors: Privacy & security practices when coping with intimate partner abuse. In CHI.  Tara Matthews Kathleen O\u2019Leary Anna Turner Manya Sleeper Jill\u00a0Palzkill Woelfer Martin Shelton Cori Manthorne Elizabeth\u00a0F Churchill and Sunny Consolvo. 2017. Stories from survivors: Privacy & security practices when coping with intimate partner abuse. In CHI.","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025875"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adam\u00a0S Miner Albert Haque Jason\u00a0A Fries Scott\u00a0L Fleming Denise\u00a0E Wilfley G\u00a0Terence Wilson Arnold Milstein Dan Jurafsky Bruce\u00a0A Arnow W\u00a0Stewart Agras 2020. Assessing the accuracy of automatic speech recognition for psychotherapy. NPJ Digital Medicine(2020).  Adam\u00a0S Miner Albert Haque Jason\u00a0A Fries Scott\u00a0L Fleming Denise\u00a0E Wilfley G\u00a0Terence Wilson Arnold Milstein Dan Jurafsky Bruce\u00a0A Arnow W\u00a0Stewart Agras 2020. Assessing the accuracy of automatic speech recognition for psychotherapy. NPJ Digital Medicine(2020).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-020-0285-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Key considerations for incorporating conversational AI in psychotherapy. Frontiers in psychiatry 10","author":"Miner S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adam\u00a0 S Miner , Nigam Shah , Kim\u00a0 D Bullock , Bruce\u00a0 A Arnow , Jeremy Bailenson , and Jeff Hancock . 2019. Key considerations for incorporating conversational AI in psychotherapy. Frontiers in psychiatry 10 ( 2019 ). Adam\u00a0S Miner, Nigam Shah, Kim\u00a0D Bullock, Bruce\u00a0A Arnow, Jeremy Bailenson, and Jeff Hancock. 2019. Key considerations for incorporating conversational AI in psychotherapy. Frontiers in psychiatry 10 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Building the mental health workforce capacity needed to treat adults with serious mental illnesses. Health Affairs","author":"Olfson Mark","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mark Olfson . 2016. Building the mental health workforce capacity needed to treat adults with serious mental illnesses. Health Affairs ( 2016 ). Mark Olfson. 2016. Building the mental health workforce capacity needed to treat adults with serious mental illnesses. Health Affairs (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"The effects of cognitive behavior therapy delivered by students in a psychologist training program: An effectiveness study. Behavior Therapy","author":"\u00d6st Lars-G\u00f6ran","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lars-G\u00f6ran \u00d6st , Anna Karlstedt , and Sara Wid\u00e9n . 2012. The effects of cognitive behavior therapy delivered by students in a psychologist training program: An effectiveness study. Behavior Therapy ( 2012 ). Lars-G\u00f6ran \u00d6st, Anna Karlstedt, and Sara Wid\u00e9n. 2012. The effects of cognitive behavior therapy delivered by students in a psychologist training program: An effectiveness study. Behavior Therapy (2012)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kishore Papineni Salim Roukos Todd Ward and Wei-Jing Zhu. 2002. BLEU: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation. In ACL.  Kishore Papineni Salim Roukos Todd Ward and Wei-Jing Zhu. 2002. BLEU: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation. In ACL.","DOI":"10.3115\/1073083.1073135"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ver\u00f3nica P\u00e9rez-Rosas Rada Mihalcea Kenneth Resnicow Satinder Singh and Lawrence An. 2017. Understanding and predicting empathic behavior in counseling therapy. In ACL.  Ver\u00f3nica P\u00e9rez-Rosas Rada Mihalcea Kenneth Resnicow Satinder Singh and Lawrence An. 2017. Understanding and predicting empathic behavior in counseling therapy. In ACL.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-1131"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ver\u00f3nica P\u00e9rez-Rosas Xinyi Wu Kenneth Resnicow and Rada Mihalcea. 2019. What Makes a Good Counselor? Learning to Distinguish between High-quality and Low-quality Counseling Conversations. In ACL.  Ver\u00f3nica P\u00e9rez-Rosas Xinyi Wu Kenneth Resnicow and Rada Mihalcea. 2019. What Makes a Good Counselor? Learning to Distinguish between High-quality and Low-quality Counseling Conversations. In ACL.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1088"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yada Pruksachatkun Sachin\u00a0R Pendse and Amit Sharma. 2019. Moments of Change: Analyzing Peer-Based Cognitive Support in Online Mental Health Forums. In CHI.  Yada Pruksachatkun Sachin\u00a0R Pendse and Amit Sharma. 2019. Moments of Change: Analyzing Peer-Based Cognitive Support in Online Mental Health Forums. In CHI.","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300294"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reid Pryzant Richard\u00a0Diehl Martinez Nathan Dass Sadao Kurohashi Dan Jurafsky and Diyi Yang. 2020. Automatically neutralizing subjective bias in text. In AAAI.  Reid Pryzant Richard\u00a0Diehl Martinez Nathan Dass Sadao Kurohashi Dan Jurafsky and Diyi Yang. 2020. Automatically neutralizing subjective bias in text. In AAAI.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i01.5385"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Language models are unsupervised multitask learners","volume":"1","author":"Radford Alec","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alec Radford , Jeffrey Wu , Rewon Child , David Luan , Dario Amodei , and Ilya Sutskever . 2019 . Language models are unsupervised multitask learners . OpenAI Blog 1 , 8 (2019), 9 . Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, Rewon Child, David Luan, Dario Amodei, and Ilya Sutskever. 2019. Language models are unsupervised multitask learners. OpenAI Blog 1, 8 (2019), 9.","journal-title":"OpenAI Blog"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hannah Rashkin Eric\u00a0Michael Smith Margaret Li and Y-Lan Boureau. 2019. Towards Empathetic Open-domain Conversation Models: A New Benchmark and Dataset. In ACL.  Hannah Rashkin Eric\u00a0Michael Smith Margaret Li and Y-Lan Boureau. 2019. Towards Empathetic Open-domain Conversation Models: A New Benchmark and Dataset. In ACL.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1534"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elliot Robert Arthur\u00a0C Bohart JC Watson and LS Greenberg. 2011. Empathy. Psychotherapy (2011).  Elliot Robert Arthur\u00a0C Bohart JC Watson and LS Greenberg. 2011. Empathy. Psychotherapy (2011).","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199737208.003.0006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"INMT: Interactive Neural Machine Translation Prediction. In EMNLP (System Demonstrations).","author":"Santy Sebastin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sebastin Santy , Sandipan Dandapat , Monojit Choudhury , and Kalika Bali . 2019 . INMT: Interactive Neural Machine Translation Prediction. In EMNLP (System Demonstrations). Sebastin Santy, Sandipan Dandapat, Monojit Choudhury, and Kalika Bali. 2019. INMT: Interactive Neural Machine Translation Prediction. In EMNLP (System Demonstrations)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","unstructured":"Abigail See Stephen Roller Douwe Kiela and Jason Weston. 2019. What makes a good conversation? How controllable attributes affect human judgments. In NAACL-HLT.  Abigail See Stephen Roller Douwe Kiela and Jason Weston. 2019. What makes a good conversation? How controllable attributes affect human judgments. In NAACL-HLT."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"Growth of interpersonal understanding","author":"Selman L","unstructured":"Robert\u00a0 L Selman . 1980. Growth of interpersonal understanding . Academic Press . Robert\u00a0L Selman. 1980. Growth of interpersonal understanding. Academic Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashish Sharma Monojit Choudhury Tim Althoff and Amit Sharma. 2020. Engagement Patterns of Peer-to-Peer Interactions on Mental Health Platforms. In ICWSM.  Ashish Sharma Monojit Choudhury Tim Althoff and Amit Sharma. 2020. Engagement Patterns of Peer-to-Peer Interactions on Mental Health Platforms. In ICWSM.","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v14i1.7328"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashish Sharma Adam\u00a0S Miner David\u00a0C Atkins and Tim Althoff. 2020. A Computational Approach to Understanding Empathy Expressed in Text-Based Mental Health Support. In EMNLP.  Ashish Sharma Adam\u00a0S Miner David\u00a0C Atkins and Tim Althoff. 2020. A Computational Approach to Understanding Empathy Expressed in Text-Based Mental Health Support. In EMNLP.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.425"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eva Sharma and Munmun De\u00a0Choudhury. 2018. Mental Health Support and its Relationship to Linguistic Accommodation in Online Communities. In CHI.  Eva Sharma and Munmun De\u00a0Choudhury. 2018. Mental Health Support and its Relationship to Linguistic Accommodation in Online Communities. In CHI.","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3174215"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","unstructured":"Tianxiao Shen Tao Lei Regina Barzilay and Tommi Jaakkola. 2017. Style transfer from non-parallel text by cross-alignment. In NeurIPS.  Tianxiao Shen Tao Lei Regina Barzilay and Tommi Jaakkola. 2017. Style transfer from non-parallel text by cross-alignment. In NeurIPS."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of association for machine translation in the Americas, Vol.\u00a0200","author":"Snover Matthew","year":"2006","unstructured":"Matthew Snover , Bonnie Dorr , Richard Schwartz , Linnea Micciulla , and John Makhoul . 2006 . A study of translation edit rate with targeted human annotation . In Proceedings of association for machine translation in the Americas, Vol.\u00a0200 . Cambridge, MA. Matthew Snover, Bonnie Dorr, Richard Schwartz, Linnea Micciulla, and John Makhoul. 2006. A study of translation edit rate with targeted human annotation. In Proceedings of association for machine translation in the Americas, Vol.\u00a0200. Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","volume-title":"Reinforcement learning: An introduction","author":"Sutton S","unstructured":"Richard\u00a0 S Sutton and Andrew\u00a0 G Barto . 2018. Reinforcement learning: An introduction . MIT press . Richard\u00a0S Sutton and Andrew\u00a0G Barto. 2018. Reinforcement learning: An introduction. MIT press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","volume-title":"Development and Evaluation of ClientBot: Patient-Like Conversational Agent to Train Basic Counseling Skills. JMIR","author":"Tanana J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Michael\u00a0 J Tanana , Christina\u00a0 S Soma , Vivek Srikumar , David\u00a0 C Atkins , and Zac\u00a0 E Imel . 2019. Development and Evaluation of ClientBot: Patient-Like Conversational Agent to Train Basic Counseling Skills. JMIR ( 2019 ). Michael\u00a0J Tanana, Christina\u00a0S Soma, Vivek Srikumar, David\u00a0C Atkins, and Zac\u00a0E Imel. 2019. Development and Evaluation of ClientBot: Patient-Like Conversational Agent to Train Basic Counseling Skills. JMIR (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","volume-title":"Modern applications in psychology. Toward effective counseling and psychotherapy: Training and practice","author":"Truax CB","year":"1967","unstructured":"CB Truax and RR Carkhuff . 1967. Modern applications in psychology. Toward effective counseling and psychotherapy: Training and practice . Hawthorne, NY, US : Aldine Publishing Co ( 1967 ). CB Truax and RR Carkhuff. 1967. Modern applications in psychology. Toward effective counseling and psychotherapy: Training and practice. Hawthorne, NY, US: Aldine Publishing Co (1967)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","unstructured":"Ashish Vaswani Noam Shazeer Niki Parmar Jakob Uszkoreit Llion Jones Aidan\u00a0N Gomez \u0141ukasz Kaiser and Illia Polosukhin. 2017. Attention is all you need. In NeurIPS.  Ashish Vaswani Noam Shazeer Niki Parmar Jakob Uszkoreit Llion Jones Aidan\u00a0N Gomez \u0141ukasz Kaiser and Illia Polosukhin. 2017. Attention is all you need. In NeurIPS."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David Wadden Tal August Qisheng Li and Tim Althoff. 2021. The Effect of Moderation on Online Mental Health Conversations. In ICWSM.  David Wadden Tal August Qisheng Li and Tim Althoff. 2021. The Effect of Moderation on Online Mental Health Conversations. In ICWSM.","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v15i1.18100"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robert West and Eric Horvitz. 2019. Reverse-engineering satire or \u201cpaper on computational humor accepted despite making serious advances\u201d. In AAAI.  Robert West and Eric Horvitz. 2019. Reverse-engineering satire or \u201cpaper on computational humor accepted despite making serious advances\u201d. In AAAI.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v33i01.33017265"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marsha White and Steve\u00a0M Dorman. 2001. Receiving social support online: implications for health education. Health education research(2001).  Marsha White and Steve\u00a0M Dorman. 2001. Receiving social support online: implications for health education. Health education research(2001).","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/16.6.693"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_70_1","volume-title":"Simple statistical gradient-following algorithms for connectionist reinforcement learning. Machine learning","author":"Williams J","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ronald\u00a0 J Williams . 1992. Simple statistical gradient-following algorithms for connectionist reinforcement learning. Machine learning ( 1992 ). Ronald\u00a0J Williams. 1992. Simple statistical gradient-following algorithms for connectionist reinforcement learning. Machine learning (1992)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_71_1","unstructured":"Xinnuo Xu Ond\u0159ej Du\u0161ek Ioannis Konstas and Verena Rieser. 2018. Better conversations by modeling filtering and optimizing for coherence and diversity. ACL.  Xinnuo Xu Ond\u0159ej Du\u0161ek Ioannis Konstas and Verena Rieser. 2018. Better conversations by modeling filtering and optimizing for coherence and diversity. ACL."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diyi Yang Zheng Yao Joseph Seering and Robert Kraut. 2019. The Channel Matters: Self-disclosure Reciprocity and Social Support in Online Cancer Support Groups. In CHI.  Diyi Yang Zheng Yao Joseph Seering and Robert Kraut. 2019. The Channel Matters: Self-disclosure Reciprocity and Social Support in Online Cancer Support Groups. In CHI.","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300261"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Justine Zhang and Cristian Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil. 2020. Balancing Objectives in Counseling Conversations: Advancing Forwards or Looking Backwards. In ACL.  Justine Zhang and Cristian Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil. 2020. Balancing Objectives in Counseling Conversations: Advancing Forwards or Looking Backwards. In ACL.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.470"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Justine Zhang Robert Filbin Christine Morrison Jaclyn Weiser and Cristian Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil. 2019. Finding Your Voice: The Linguistic Development of Mental Health Counselors. In ACL.  Justine Zhang Robert Filbin Christine Morrison Jaclyn Weiser and Cristian Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil. 2019. Finding Your Voice: The Linguistic Development of Mental Health Counselors. In ACL.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1089"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yizhe Zhang Siqi Sun Michel Galley Yen-Chun Chen Chris Brockett Xiang Gao Jianfeng Gao Jingjing Liu and Bill Dolan. 2020. DialoGPT: Large-Scale Generative Pre-training for Conversational Response Generation. In ACL system demonstration.  Yizhe Zhang Siqi Sun Michel Galley Yen-Chun Chen Chris Brockett Xiang Gao Jianfeng Gao Jingjing Liu and Bill Dolan. 2020. DialoGPT: Large-Scale Generative Pre-training for Conversational Response Generation. In ACL system demonstration.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-demos.30"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yiheng Zhou He He Alan\u00a0W Black and Yulia Tsvetkov. 2019. A Dynamic Strategy Coach for Effective Negotiation. In SIGdial.  Yiheng Zhou He He Alan\u00a0W Black and Yulia Tsvetkov. 2019. A Dynamic Strategy Coach for Effective Negotiation. In SIGdial.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W19-5943"}],"event":{"name":"WWW '21: The Web Conference 2021","location":"Ljubljana Slovenia","acronym":"WWW '21","sponsor":["SIGWEB ACM Special Interest Group on Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Web"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the Web Conference 2021"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3442381.3450097","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3442381.3450097","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T21:24:27Z","timestamp":1750195467000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3442381.3450097"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"references-count":76,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3442381.3450097","10.1145\/3442381"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3442381.3450097","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-06-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}