{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T16:10:59Z","timestamp":1782922259482,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Comput. Educ."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The momentum around computational thinking (CT) has kindled a rising wave of research initiatives and scholarly contributions seeking to capitalize on the opportunities that CT could bring. A number of literature reviews have showed a vibrant community of practitioners and a growing number of publications. However, the history and evolution of the emerging research topic, the milestone publications that have shaped its directions, and the timeline of the important developments may be better told through a quantitative, scientometric narrative. This article presents a bibliometric analysis of the drivers of the CT topic, as well as its main themes of research, international collaborations, influential authors, and seminal publications, and how authors and publications have influenced one another. The metadata of 1,874 documents were retrieved from the Scopus database using the keyword \u201ccomputational thinking.\u201d The results show that CT research has been US-centric from the start, and continues to be dominated by US researchers both in volume and impact. International collaboration is relatively low, but clusters of joint research are found between, for example, a number of Nordic countries, lusophone- and hispanophone countries, and central European countries. The results show that CT features the computing\u2019s traditional tripartite disciplinary structure (design, modeling, and theory), a distinct emphasis on programming, and a strong pedagogical and educational backdrop including constructionism, self-efficacy, motivation, and teacher training.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3445984","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T01:22:27Z","timestamp":1614734547000},"page":"1-17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["People, Ideas, Milestones: A Scientometric Study of Computational Thinking"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5881-3109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Saqr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Eastern Finland and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwok","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Eastern Finland and University of Limerick"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solomon sunday","family":"Oyelere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lule\u00e5 University of Technology, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1037-3313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matti","family":"Tedre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Eastern Finland, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Ubiquity symposium: Computation and Computational Thinking. Ubiquity 2011 (2011","author":"Aho Alfred V.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alfred V. Aho . 2011 . Ubiquity symposium: Computation and Computational Thinking. Ubiquity 2011 (2011 ), Article 1. 10.1145\/ 1922681.1922682 Alfred V. Aho. 2011. Ubiquity symposium: Computation and Computational Thinking. Ubiquity 2011 (2011), Article 1. 10.1145\/1922681.1922682"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2017.08.007","article-title":"Bibliometrix: An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis","volume":"11","author":"Aria Massimo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Massimo Aria and Corrado Cuccurullo . 2017 . Bibliometrix: An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis . Journal of Informetrics 11 , 4 (2017), 959 \u2013 975 . Massimo Aria and Corrado Cuccurullo. 2017. Bibliometrix: An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis. Journal of Informetrics 11, 4 (2017), 959\u2013975.","journal-title":"Journal of Informetrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3011071"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2926759"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2891414"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1929887.1929905"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 42nd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE \u201911)","author":"Basawapatna Ashok","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ashok Basawapatna , Kyu Han Koh , Alexander Repenning , David C. Webb , and Krista Sekeres Marshall . 2011 . Recognizing computational thinking patterns . In Proceedings of the 42nd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE \u201911) . ACM, New York, NY, 245\u2013250. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/ 1953163.1953241 10.1145\/1953163.1953241 10.1145\/1953163.1953241 Ashok Basawapatna, Kyu Han Koh, Alexander Repenning, David C. Webb, and Krista Sekeres Marshall. 2011. Recognizing computational thinking patterns. In Proceedings of the 42nd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE \u201911). ACM, New York, NY, 245\u2013250. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1953163.1953241 10.1145\/1953163.1953241"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"Computer science unplugged: School students doing real computing without computers","volume":"13","author":"Bell Tim","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tim Bell , Jason Alexander , Isaac Freeman , and Mick Grimley . 2009 . Computer science unplugged: School students doing real computing without computers . New Zealand Journal of Applied Computing and Information Technology 13 , 1 (2009), 20 \u2013 29 . Tim Bell, Jason Alexander, Isaac Freeman, and Mick Grimley. 2009. Computer science unplugged: School students doing real computing without computers. New Zealand Journal of Applied Computing and Information Technology 13, 1 (2009), 20\u201329.","journal-title":"New Zealand Journal of Applied Computing and Information Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2013.10.020","article-title":"Computational thinking and tinkering: Exploration of an early childhood robotics curriculum","volume":"72","author":"Bers Marina Umaschi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Marina Umaschi Bers , Louise Flannery , Elizabeth R. Kazakoff , and Amanda Sullivan . 2014 . Computational thinking and tinkering: Exploration of an early childhood robotics curriculum . Computers & Education 72 (2014), 145 \u2013 157 . Marina Umaschi Bers, Louise Flannery, Elizabeth R. Kazakoff, and Amanda Sullivan. 2014. Computational thinking and tinkering: Exploration of an early childhood robotics curriculum. Computers & Education 72 (2014), 145\u2013157.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3144174"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Computational thinking","author":"Curzon Paul","unstructured":"Paul Curzon , Tim Bell , Jane Waite , and Mark Dorling . 2019. Computational thinking . In The Cambridge Handbook of Computing Education Research, Sally A. Fincher and Anthony V. Robins (Eds.). Cambridge University Press , 513\u2013546. Paul Curzon, Tim Bell, Jane Waite, and Mark Dorling. 2019. Computational thinking. In The Cambridge Handbook of Computing Education Research, Sally A. Fincher and Anthony V. Robins (Eds.). Cambridge University Press, 513\u2013546."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Informatics in Schools: Improvement of Informatics Knowledge and Perception, Andrej Brodnik and Fran\u00e7oise Tort (Eds.)","author":"Dagien\u0117 Valentina","unstructured":"Valentina Dagien\u0117 and Sue Sentance . 2016. It\u2019s computational thinking! Bebras tasks in the curriculum . In Informatics in Schools: Improvement of Informatics Knowledge and Perception, Andrej Brodnik and Fran\u00e7oise Tort (Eds.) . Springer International Publishing , Cham, Switzerland , 28\u201339. Valentina Dagien\u0117 and Sue Sentance. 2016. It\u2019s computational thinking! Bebras tasks in the curriculum. In Informatics in Schools: Improvement of Informatics Knowledge and Perception, Andrej Brodnik and Fran\u00e7oise Tort (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, 28\u201339."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications. 88\u201393","author":"Meo Pasquale De","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pasquale De Meo , Emilio Ferrara , Giacomo Fiumara , and Alessandro Provetti . 2011 . Generalized Louvain method for community detection in large networks . In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications. 88\u201393 . Pasquale De Meo, Emilio Ferrara, Giacomo Fiumara, and Alessandro Provetti. 2011. Generalized Louvain method for community detection in large networks. In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications. 88\u201393."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1516046.1516054"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1511\/2017.124.13","article-title":"Computational thinking in science","volume":"105","author":"Denning Peter J.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peter J. Denning . 2017 . Computational thinking in science . American Scientist 105 , 1 (2017), 13 \u2013 17 . Peter J. Denning. 2017. Computational thinking in science. American Scientist 105, 1 (2017), 13\u201317.","journal-title":"American Scientist"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2998438"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3404835.3463239"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2738473"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Denning and Matti Tedre","author":"Peter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Peter J. Denning and Matti Tedre . 2019 . Computational Thinking. MIT Press , Cambridge, MA. Peter J. Denning and Matti Tedre. 2019. Computational Thinking. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference on Information Technology Education (SIGITE\u201915)","author":"Fronza Ilenia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ilenia Fronza , Nabil El Ioini , and Luis Corral . 2015 . Students want to create apps: Leveraging computational thinking to teach mobile software development . In Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference on Information Technology Education (SIGITE\u201915) . ACM, New York, NY, 21\u201326. 10.1145\/2808006.2808033 Ilenia Fronza, Nabil El Ioini, and Luis Corral. 2015. Students want to create apps: Leveraging computational thinking to teach mobile software development. In Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference on Information Technology Education (SIGITE\u201915). ACM, New York, NY, 21\u201326. 10.1145\/2808006.2808033"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 International Symposium on Computers in Education (SIIE\u201916)","author":"Garc\u00eda-Pe\u00f1alvo F. J.","year":"2016","unstructured":"F. J. Garc\u00eda-Pe\u00f1alvo . 2016 . A brief introduction to TACCLE 3\u2014Coding European project . In Proceedings of the 2016 International Symposium on Computers in Education (SIIE\u201916) . 1\u20134. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SIIE.2016.7751876 10.1109\/SIIE.2016.7751876 F. J. Garc\u00eda-Pe\u00f1alvo. 2016. A brief introduction to TACCLE 3\u2014Coding European project. In Proceedings of the 2016 International Symposium on Computers in Education (SIIE\u201916). 1\u20134. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SIIE.2016.7751876"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551504042802","article-title":"Historiographic mapping of knowledge domains literature","volume":"30","author":"Garfield Eugene","year":"2004","unstructured":"Eugene Garfield . 2004 . Historiographic mapping of knowledge domains literature . Journal of Information Science 30 , 2 (2004), 119 \u2013 145 . Eugene Garfield. 2004. Historiographic mapping of knowledge domains literature. Journal of Information Science 30, 2 (2004), 119\u2013145.","journal-title":"Journal of Information Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Grover Shuchi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shuchi Grover . 2018 . A tale of two CTs (and a revised timeline for computational thinking). Blog@CACM (November 5, 2018) . Retrieved January 23, 2021 from https:\/\/cacm.acm.org\/blogs\/blog-cacm\/232488-a-tale-of-two-cts-and-a-revised-timeline-for-computational-thinking\/fulltext. Shuchi Grover. 2018. A tale of two CTs (and a revised timeline for computational thinking). Blog@CACM (November 5, 2018). Retrieved January 23, 2021 from https:\/\/cacm.acm.org\/blogs\/blog-cacm\/232488-a-tale-of-two-cts-and-a-revised-timeline-for-computational-thinking\/fulltext."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X12463051","article-title":"Computational thinking in K\u201312: A review of the state of the field","volume":"42","author":"Grover Shuchi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shuchi Grover and Roy D. Pea . 2013 . Computational thinking in K\u201312: A review of the state of the field . Educational Researcher 42 , 1 (2013), 38 \u2013 43 . Shuchi Grover and Roy D. Pea. 2013. Computational thinking in K\u201312: A review of the state of the field. Educational Researcher 42, 1 (2013), 38\u201343.","journal-title":"Educational Researcher"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1378704.1378713"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Learner-Centered Design of Computing Education: Research on Computing for Everyone. Morgan & Claypool","author":"Guzdial Mark","unstructured":"Mark Guzdial . 2015. Learner-Centered Design of Computing Education: Research on Computing for Everyone. Morgan & Claypool , San Rafael, CA . Mark Guzdial. 2015. Learner-Centered Design of Computing Education: Research on Computing for Everyone. Morgan & Claypool, San Rafael, CA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1177\/1464884913486393","article-title":"Journalism innovation leads to innovation journalism: The impact of computational exploration on changing mindsets","volume":"15","author":"Gynnild Astrid","year":"2014","unstructured":"Astrid Gynnild . 2014 . Journalism innovation leads to innovation journalism: The impact of computational exploration on changing mindsets . Journalism 15 , 6 (2014), 713 \u2013 730 . Astrid Gynnild. 2014. Journalism innovation leads to innovation journalism: The impact of computational exploration on changing mindsets. Journalism 15, 6 (2014), 713\u2013730.","journal-title":"Journalism"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 40th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE\u201909)","author":"Hambrusch Susanne","unstructured":"Susanne Hambrusch , Christoph Hoffmann , John T. Korb , Mark Haugan , and Antony L. Hosking . 2009. A multidisciplinary approach towards computational thinking for science majors . In Proceedings of the 40th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE\u201909) . ACM, New York, NY, 183\u2013187. 10.1145\/1539024.1508931 Susanne Hambrusch, Christoph Hoffmann, John T. Korb, Mark Haugan, and Antony L. Hosking. 2009. A multidisciplinary approach towards computational thinking for science majors. In Proceedings of the 40th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE\u201909). ACM, New York, NY, 183\u2013187. 10.1145\/1539024.1508931"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1805724.1805725"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2955114"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/00029890.1974.11993556","article-title":"Computer science and its relation to mathematics","volume":"81","author":"Knuth Donald E.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Donald E. Knuth . 1974 . Computer science and its relation to mathematics . American Mathematical Monthly 81 (1974), 323 \u2013 343 . Donald E. Knuth. 1974. Computer science and its relation to mathematics. American Mathematical Monthly 81 (1974), 323\u2013343.","journal-title":"American Mathematical Monthly"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing. 59\u201366","author":"Koh Kyu Han","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kyu Han Koh , Ashok Basawapatna , Vicki Bennett , and Alexander Repenning . 2010 . Towards the automatic recognition of computational thinking for adaptive visual language learning . In Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing. 59\u201366 . 10.1109\/VLHCC.2010.17 Kyu Han Koh, Ashok Basawapatna, Vicki Bennett, and Alexander Repenning. 2010. Towards the automatic recognition of computational thinking for adaptive visual language learning. In Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing. 59\u201366. 10.1109\/VLHCC.2010.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL\/HCC\u201914)","author":"Koh K. H.","unstructured":"K. H. Koh , A. Basawapatna , H. Nickerson , and A. Repenning . 2014. Real time assessment of computational thinking . In Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL\/HCC\u201914) . 49\u201352. K. H. Koh, A. Basawapatna, H. Nickerson, and A. Repenning. 2014. Real time assessment of computational thinking. In Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL\/HCC\u201914). 49\u201352."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","article-title":"Computational thinking  \t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t programming","author":"Lamprou Anna","year":"2017","unstructured":"Anna Lamprou and Alexander Repenning . 2017 . Computational thinking programming . SI Magazine. Retrieved January 23, 2021 from https:\/\/magazine.swissinformatics.org\/en\/computational-thinking-%e2%89%a0-programming\/. Anna Lamprou and Alexander Repenning. 2017. Computational thinking programming. SI Magazine. Retrieved January 23, 2021 from https:\/\/magazine.swissinformatics.org\/en\/computational-thinking-%e2%89%a0-programming\/.","journal-title":"SI Magazine. Retrieved"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Reclaiming the roots of CT. CSTA Voice: The Voice of K\u201312 Computer Science Education and Its Educators 12, 1","author":"Lee Irene","year":"2016","unstructured":"Irene Lee . 2016. Reclaiming the roots of CT. CSTA Voice: The Voice of K\u201312 Computer Science Education and Its Educators 12, 1 ( 2016 ), 3\u20134. Irene Lee. 2016. Reclaiming the roots of CT. CSTA Voice: The Voice of K\u201312 Computer Science Education and Its Educators 12, 1 (2016), 3\u20134."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1929887.1929902"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1539024.1508959"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Working Group Reports of the 2014 on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education Conference (ITiCSE-WGR\u201914)","author":"Mannila Linda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Linda Mannila , Valentina Dagien\u0117 , Barbara Demo , Natasa Grgurina , Claudio Mirolo , Lennart Rolandsson , and Amber Settle . 2014 . Computational thinking in K\u20139 education . In Proceedings of the Working Group Reports of the 2014 on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education Conference (ITiCSE-WGR\u201914) . ACM, New York, NY, 1\u201329. 10.1145\/2713609.2713610 Linda Mannila, Valentina Dagien\u0117, Barbara Demo, Natasa Grgurina, Claudio Mirolo, Lennart Rolandsson, and Amber Settle. 2014. Computational thinking in K\u20139 education. In Proceedings of the Working Group Reports of the 2014 on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education Conference (ITiCSE-WGR\u201914). ACM, New York, NY, 1\u201329. 10.1145\/2713609.2713610"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, and James C. Lester","author":"Min Wookhee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wookhee Min , Megan H. Frankosky , Bradford W. Mott , Jonathan P. Rowe , Eric Wiebe , Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, and James C. Lester . 2015 . DeepStealth: Leveraging deep learning models for stealth assessment in game-based learning environments. In Artificial Intelligence in Education, Cristina Conati, Neil Heffernan, Antonija Mitrovic, and M. Felisa Verdejo (Eds.). Springer International Publishing , Cham, Switzerland, 277\u2013286. Wookhee Min, Megan H. Frankosky, Bradford W. Mott, Jonathan P. Rowe, Eric Wiebe, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, and James C. Lester. 2015. DeepStealth: Leveraging deep learning models for stealth assessment in game-based learning environments. In Artificial Intelligence in Education, Cristina Conati, Neil Heffernan, Antonija Mitrovic, and M. Felisa Verdejo (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, 277\u2013286."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop in Primary and Secondary Computing Education (WiPSCE\u201915)","author":"Moreno-Le\u00f3n Jes\u00fas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jes\u00fas Moreno-Le\u00f3n and Gregorio Robles . 2015 . Dr. Scratch: A web tool to automatically evaluate scratch projects . In Proceedings of the Workshop in Primary and Secondary Computing Education (WiPSCE\u201915) . ACM, New York, NY, 132\u2013133. 10.1145\/28 18314.2818338 Jes\u00fas Moreno-Le\u00f3n and Gregorio Robles. 2015. Dr. Scratch: A web tool to automatically evaluate scratch projects. In Proceedings of the Workshop in Primary and Secondary Computing Education (WiPSCE\u201915). ACM, New York, NY, 132\u2013133. 10.1145\/2818314.2818338"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3231587"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Report of a Workshop on the Scope and Nature of Computational Thinking","author":"National Research Council. 2010.","unstructured":"National Research Council. 2010. Report of a Workshop on the Scope and Nature of Computational Thinking . National Academies Press , Washington, DC . DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/12840 10.17226\/12840 National Research Council. 2010. Report of a Workshop on the Scope and Nature of Computational Thinking. National Academies Press, Washington, DC. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/12840"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"Report of a Workshop on the Pedagogical Aspects of Computational Thinking","author":"National Research Council. 2011.","unstructured":"National Research Council. 2011. Report of a Workshop on the Pedagogical Aspects of Computational Thinking . National Academies Press , Washington, DC . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/13170 10.17226\/13170 National Research Council. 2011. Report of a Workshop on the Pedagogical Aspects of Computational Thinking. National Academies Press, Washington, DC. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/13170"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Perspectives on Computational Thinking","author":"Nicolajsen Sebastian Mateos","unstructured":"Sebastian Mateos Nicolajsen . 2020. Perspectives on Computational Thinking . IT University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark . Sebastian Mateos Nicolajsen. 2020. Perspectives on Computational Thinking. IT University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1095592"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","first-page":"410","article-title":"Developing computational thinking, \u201cFad\u201d or \u201cFundamental","volume":"14","author":"Pears Arnold Neville","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arnold Neville Pears . 2019 . Developing computational thinking, \u201cFad\u201d or \u201cFundamental \u201d? Constructivist Foundations 14 , 3 (2019), 410 \u2013 412 . Arnold Neville Pears. 2019. Developing computational thinking, \u201cFad\u201d or \u201cFundamental\u201d? Constructivist Foundations 14, 3 (2019), 410\u2013412.","journal-title":"Constructivist Foundations"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 41st ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE\u201910)","author":"Repenning Alexander","year":"2010","unstructured":"Alexander Repenning , David Webb , and Andri Ioannidou . 2010 . Scalable game design and the development of a checklist for getting computational thinking into public schools . In Proceedings of the 41st ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE\u201910) . ACM, New York, NY, 265\u2013269. 10.1145\/1734263.1734357 Alexander Repenning, David Webb, and Andri Ioannidou. 2010. Scalable game design and the development of a checklist for getting computational thinking into public schools. In Proceedings of the 41st ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE\u201910). ACM, New York, NY, 265\u2013269. 10.1145\/1734263.1734357"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/11017.001.0001","volume-title":"Lifelong Kindergarten: Cultivating Creativity Through Projects, Passion, Peers, and Play","author":"Resnick Mitchel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mitchel Resnick . 2017 . Lifelong Kindergarten: Cultivating Creativity Through Projects, Passion, Peers, and Play . MIT Press , Cambridge, MA . Mitchel Resnick. 2017. Lifelong Kindergarten: Cultivating Creativity Through Projects, Passion, Peers, and Play. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2016.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Should we teach computational thinking and big data principles to medical students","volume":"13","author":"Saqr Mohammed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mohammed Saqr and Matti Tedre . 2019 . Should we teach computational thinking and big data principles to medical students ? International Journal of Health Sciences 13 , 4 (2019), 1 \u2013 2 . Mohammed Saqr and Matti Tedre. 2019. Should we teach computational thinking and big data principles to medical students? International Journal of Health Sciences 13, 4 (2019), 1\u20132.","journal-title":"International Journal of Health Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th Annual International ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER\u201913)","author":"Seiter Linda","year":"2013","unstructured":"Linda Seiter and Brendan Foreman . 2013 . Modeling the learning progressions of computational thinking of primary grade students . In Proceedings of the 9th Annual International ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER\u201913) . ACM, New York, NY, 59\u201366. 10.1145\/2493394.2493403 Linda Seiter and Brendan Foreman. 2013. Modeling the learning progressions of computational thinking of primary grade students. In Proceedings of the 9th Annual International ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER\u201913). ACM, New York, NY, 59\u201366. 10.1145\/2493394.2493403"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-012-9240-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956-013-9437-9","article-title":"Profiles of motivated self-regulation in college computer science courses: Differences in major versus required non-major courses","volume":"22","author":"Shell Duane F.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Duane F. Shell and Leen-Kiat Soh . 2013 . Profiles of motivated self-regulation in college computer science courses: Differences in major versus required non-major courses . Journal of Science Education and Technology 22 , 6 (2013), 899 \u2013 913 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10956-013-9437-9 10.1007\/s10956-013-9437-9 Duane F. Shell and Leen-Kiat Soh. 2013. Profiles of motivated self-regulation in college computer science courses: Differences in major versus required non-major courses. Journal of Science Education and Technology 22, 6 (2013), 899\u2013913. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10956-013-9437-9","journal-title":"Journal of Science Education and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2017.09.003","article-title":"Demystifying computational thinking","volume":"22","author":"Shute Valerie J.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Valerie J. Shute , Chen Sun , and Jodi Asbell-Clarke . 2017 . Demystifying computational thinking . Educational Research Review 22 (2017), 142 \u2013 158 . Valerie J. Shute, Chen Sun, and Jodi Asbell-Clarke. 2017. Demystifying computational thinking. Educational Research Review 22 (2017), 142\u2013158.","journal-title":"Educational Research Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","unstructured":"Simon. 2015.\n  Emergence of Computing Education as a Research Discipline\n  . Ph.D. Dissertation. \n  Aalto University Finland\n  .  Simon. 2015. Emergence of Computing Education as a Research Discipline. Ph.D. Dissertation. Aalto University Finland."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","volume-title":"Teaching the Computer to Add: An Example of Problem-Solving in an Anthropomorphic Computer Culture. Memo 396. MIT AI Laboratory","author":"Solomon Cynthia J.","unstructured":"Cynthia J. Solomon . 1976. Teaching the Computer to Add: An Example of Problem-Solving in an Anthropomorphic Computer Culture. Memo 396. MIT AI Laboratory , Cambridge, MA . Cynthia J. Solomon. 1976. Teaching the Computer to Add: An Example of Problem-Solving in an Anthropomorphic Computer Culture. Memo 396. MIT AI Laboratory, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 16th Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research (Koli Calling\u201916)","author":"Tedre Matti","unstructured":"Matti Tedre and Peter J. Denning . 2016. The long quest for computational thinking . In Proceedings of the 16th Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research (Koli Calling\u201916) . ACM, New York, NY, 120\u2013129. 10.1145\/2999541.2999542 Matti Tedre and Peter J. Denning. 2016. The long quest for computational thinking. In Proceedings of the 16th Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research (Koli Calling\u201916). ACM, New York, NY, 120\u2013129. 10.1145\/2999541.2999542"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3177861"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3265747"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3152562"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-015-9412-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23349"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956-015-9581-5","article-title":"Defining computational thinking for mathematics and science classrooms","volume":"25","author":"Weintrop David","year":"2016","unstructured":"David Weintrop , Elham Beheshti , Michael Horn , Kai Orton , Kemi Jona , Laura Trouille , and Uri Wilensky . 2016 . Defining computational thinking for mathematics and science classrooms . Journal of Science Education and Technology 25 , 1 (2016), 127 \u2013 147 . David Weintrop, Elham Beheshti, Michael Horn, Kai Orton, Kemi Jona, Laura Trouille, and Uri Wilensky. 2016. Defining computational thinking for mathematics and science classrooms. Journal of Science Education and Technology 25, 1 (2016), 127\u2013147.","journal-title":"Journal of Science Education and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 43rd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE\u201912)","author":"Werner Linda","year":"2012","unstructured":"Linda Werner , Jill Denner , Shannon Campe , and Damon Chizuru Kawamoto . 2012 . The fairy performance assessment: Measuring computational thinking in middle school . In Proceedings of the 43rd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE\u201912) . ACM, New York, NY, 215\u2013220. 10.1145\/2157136.2157200 Linda Werner, Jill Denner, Shannon Campe, and Damon Chizuru Kawamoto. 2012. The fairy performance assessment: Measuring computational thinking in middle school. In Proceedings of the 43rd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE\u201912). ACM, New York, NY, 215\u2013220. 10.1145\/2157136.2157200"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1118178.1118215"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","article-title":"Computational thinking and thinking about computing","volume":"36","author":"Wing Jeannette M.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jeannette M. Wing . 2008 . Computational thinking and thinking about computing . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 36 , 1881 (2008), 3717\u20133725. Jeannette M. Wing. 2008. Computational thinking and thinking about computing. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 36, 1881 (2008), 3717\u20133725.","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2576872"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Computing Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3445984","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3445984","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T22:03:25Z","timestamp":1750197805000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3445984"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3445984"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3445984","relation":{},"ISSN":["1946-6226"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1946-6226","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-04-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-03-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}