{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T03:44:12Z","timestamp":1769917452120,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,11]],"date-time":"2021-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Digit. Gov.: Res. Pract."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Governments are increasingly using artificial intelligence to improve workflows and services. Applications range from predicting climate change, crime, and earthquakes to flu outbreaks, low air quality, and tax fraud. Artificial agents are already having an impact on eldercare, education, and open government, enabling users to complete procedures through a conversational interface. Whether replacing humans or assisting them, they are the technological fix of our times. In two experiments and a follow-up study, we investigate factors that influence the acceptance of artificial agents in positions of power, using attachment theory and disappointment theory as explanatory models. We found that when the state of the world provokes anxiety, citizens perceive artificial agents as a reliable proxy to replace human leaders. Moreover, people accept artificial agents as decision-makers in politics and security more willingly when they deem their leaders or government to be untrustworthy, disappointing, or immoral. Finally, we discuss these results with respect to theories of technology acceptance and the delegation of duties and prerogatives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3447954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T14:31:14Z","timestamp":1612535474000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Why Real Citizens Would Turn to Artificial Leaders"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Spatola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1093-4184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl F.","family":"Macdorman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"AI and International Trade","author":"Agrawal Ajay","unstructured":"Ajay Agrawal , Joshua Gans , and Avi Goldfarb . 2019. AI and International Trade . University of Chicago Press , Chicago. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7208\/chicago\/9780226613475.003.0019 Ajay Agrawal, Joshua Gans, and Avi Goldfarb. 2019. AI and International Trade. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7208\/chicago\/9780226613475.003.0019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dolores Albarracin and Sharon Shavitt. 2018. Attitudes and attitude change. Ann. Rev. Psychol. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-psych-122216-011911  Dolores Albarracin and Sharon Shavitt. 2018. Attitudes and attitude change. Ann. Rev. Psychol. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-psych-122216-011911","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-122216-011911"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-5907.00007","article-title":"Corruption, political allegiances, and attitudes toward government in contemporary democracies","volume":"47","author":"Andersen Christopher J.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Christopher J. Andersen and Yuliya V. Tverdova . 2003 . Corruption, political allegiances, and attitudes toward government in contemporary democracies . Am. J. Pol. Sci 47 , 1 (2003), 91 \u2013 109 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1540-5907.00007 Christopher J. Andersen and Yuliya V. Tverdova. 2003. Corruption, political allegiances, and attitudes toward government in contemporary democracies. Am. J. Pol. Sci 47, 1 (2003), 91\u2013109. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1540-5907.00007","journal-title":"Am. J. Pol. Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022881726177"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691617699280","article-title":"Toward a psychology of human agency: Pathways and reflections","volume":"13","author":"Bandura Albert","year":"2018","unstructured":"Albert Bandura . 2018 . Toward a psychology of human agency: Pathways and reflections . Perspect. Psychol. Sci , 13 , 2 (2018), 130 \u2013 136 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1745691617699280 Albert Bandura. 2018. Toward a psychology of human agency: Pathways and reflections. Perspect. Psychol. Sci, 13, 2 (2018), 130\u2013136. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1745691617699280","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-006-0052-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.117.3.497"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1080\/00909880701434232","article-title":"Machiavellians\u2019 motives in organizational citizenship behavior","volume":"35","author":"Becker Jennifer A. H.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jennifer A. H. Becker and H. Dan O'Hair . 2007 . Machiavellians\u2019 motives in organizational citizenship behavior . J. Appl. Commun. Res. 35 (2007), 246 \u2013 267 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00909880701434232 Jennifer A. H. Becker and H. Dan O'Hair. 2007. Machiavellians\u2019 motives in organizational citizenship behavior. J. Appl. Commun. Res. 35 (2007), 246\u2013267. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00909880701434232","journal-title":"J. Appl. Commun. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Social robots for education: A review. Sci. Robot 3, 21","author":"Belpaeme Tony","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tony Belpaeme , James Kennedy , Aditi Ramachandran , Brian Scassellati , and Fumihide Tanaka . 2018. Social robots for education: A review. Sci. Robot 3, 21 ( 2018 ), eaat5954. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scirobotics.aat5954 Tony Belpaeme, James Kennedy, Aditi Ramachandran, Brian Scassellati, and Fumihide Tanaka. 2018. Social robots for education: A review. Sci. Robot 3, 21 (2018), eaat5954. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scirobotics.aat5954"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"New Directions in Public Opinion","author":"Berinsky A. J.","unstructured":"A. J. Berinsky . 2015. New Directions in Public Opinion . Routledge , London, UK . A. J. Berinsky. 2015. New Directions in Public Opinion. Routledge, London, UK."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"New Directions in Public Opinion","author":"Berinsky Adam J.","year":"2038","unstructured":"Adam J. Berinsky . 2012. New Directions in Public Opinion . Routledge, London , UK. DOI :https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780 2038 39836 Adam J. Berinsky. 2012. New Directions in Public Opinion. Routledge, London, UK. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203839836"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Herman J. Bierens. 2004. Information criteria and model selection. Retrieved from https:\/\/personal.psu.edu\/hxb11\/INFORMATIONCRIT.PDF.  Herman J. Bierens. 2004. Information criteria and model selection. Retrieved from https:\/\/personal.psu.edu\/hxb11\/INFORMATIONCRIT.PDF."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167204264266","article-title":"The correspondence between attachment to parents and God: Three experiments using subliminal separation cues","volume":"30","author":"Birgegard Andreas","year":"2004","unstructured":"Andreas Birgegard and Pehr Granqvist . 2004 . The correspondence between attachment to parents and God: Three experiments using subliminal separation cues . Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 30 (2004), 1122 \u2013 1135 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167204264266 Andreas Birgegard and Pehr Granqvist. 2004. The correspondence between attachment to parents and God: Three experiments using subliminal separation cues. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 30 (2004), 1122\u20131135. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167204264266","journal-title":"Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Structural Equations with Latent Variables","author":"Bollen Kenneth A.","unstructured":"Kenneth A. Bollen . 1989. Structural Equations with Latent Variables . Wiley , New York, NY . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118619179 Kenneth A. Bollen. 1989. Structural Equations with Latent Variables. Wiley, New York, NY. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118619179"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 13\u201321. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-21716-6_2","volume-title":"Beyond the technology acceptance model: Elements to validate the human-technology symbiosis model","author":"Brangier \u00c9ric","unstructured":"\u00c9ric Brangier and Sonia Hammes-Adel\u00e9 . 2011. Beyond the technology acceptance model: Elements to validate the human-technology symbiosis model . In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 13\u201321. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-21716-6_2 \u00c9ric Brangier and Sonia Hammes-Adel\u00e9. 2011. Beyond the technology acceptance model: Elements to validate the human-technology symbiosis model. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 13\u201321. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-21716-6_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2111684"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9915","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703892104","article-title":"Evaluating a technological fix for climate","volume":"104","author":"Brewer Peter G.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Peter G. Brewer . 2007 . Evaluating a technological fix for climate . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 , 24 (2007), 9915 \u2013 9916 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0703892104 Peter G. Brewer. 2007. Evaluating a technological fix for climate. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 24 (2007), 9915\u20139916. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0703892104","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-009-0030-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/09672559.2018.1450082","article-title":"Trust, reliance, and democracy","volume":"26","author":"Budnik Christian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Christian Budnik . 2018 . Trust, reliance, and democracy . Int. J. Philos. Stud , 26 , 2 (2018), 221 \u2013 239 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09672559.2018.1450082 Christian Budnik. 2018. Trust, reliance, and democracy. Int. J. Philos. Stud, 26, 2 (2018), 221\u2013239. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09672559.2018.1450082","journal-title":"Int. J. Philos. Stud"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124104268644"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03071847.2019.1694260"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2575.2005.00183.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001316447303300111"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","first-page":"219","article-title":"The development and validation of a new Machiavellianism scale","volume":"35","author":"Dahling Jason J.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jason J. Dahling , Brian G. Whitaker , and Paul E. Levy . 2009 . The development and validation of a new Machiavellianism scale . J. Manage. 35 , 2 (2009), 219 \u2013 257 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0149206308318618 Jason J. Dahling, Brian G. Whitaker, and Paul E. Levy. 2009. The development and validation of a new Machiavellianism scale. J. Manage. 35, 2 (2009), 219\u2013257. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0149206308318618","journal-title":"J. Manage."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0092-5853.2004.00054.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2004.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 105\u2013114","author":"Denning Tamara","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tamara Denning , Cynthia Matuszek , Karl Koscher , Joshua R. Smith , and Tadayoshi Kohno . 2009 . A spotlight on security and privacy risks with future household robots: Attacks and lessons . In Proceedings of the ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 105\u2013114 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1620545.1620564 Tamara Denning, Cynthia Matuszek, Karl Koscher, Joshua R. Smith, and Tadayoshi Kohno. 2009. A spotlight on security and privacy risks with future household robots: Attacks and lessons. In Proceedings of the ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 105\u2013114. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1620545.1620564"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Fiske","author":"Dupree Cydney H.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cydney H. Dupree and Susan T . Fiske . 2017 . Universal dimensions of social signals: Warmth and competence. In Social Signal Processing . 23\u201333. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781316676202.003 Cydney H. Dupree and Susan T. Fiske. 2017. Universal dimensions of social signals: Warmth and competence. In Social Signal Processing. 23\u201333. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781316676202.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-017-0439-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.2307\/2008920","article-title":"An approach to the analysis of political systems","volume":"9","author":"Easton David","year":"1957","unstructured":"David Easton . 1957 . An approach to the analysis of political systems . World Politics 9 , 3 (1957), 383 -- 400 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2008920 David Easton. 1957. An approach to the analysis of political systems. World Politics 9, 3 (1957), 383--400. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2008920","journal-title":"World Politics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1300\/J077v07n03_05","article-title":"Social support, sense of control, and coping among patients with breast, lung, or colorectal cancer","volume":"7","author":"Ell Kathleen O.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kathleen O. Ell , Joanne E. Mantell , Maurice B. Haraovitch , and Robert H. Nishimoto . 1989 . Social support, sense of control, and coping among patients with breast, lung, or colorectal cancer . J. Psychosoc. Oncol. 7 , 3 (1989), 63 \u2013 89 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J077v07n03_05 Kathleen O. Ell, Joanne E. Mantell, Maurice B. Haraovitch, and Robert H. Nishimoto. 1989. Social support, sense of control, and coping among patients with breast, lung, or colorectal cancer. J. Psychosoc. Oncol. 7, 3 (1989), 63\u201389. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J077v07n03_05","journal-title":"J. Psychosoc. Oncol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trust in the age of social media: Populist politicians seem more authentic","volume":"4","author":"Enli Gunn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gunn Enli and Linda Therese Rosenberg . 2018 . Trust in the age of social media: Populist politicians seem more authentic . Soc. Media Soc. 4 , 1 (2018), 1 -- 11 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2056305118764430 Gunn Enli and Linda Therese Rosenberg. 2018. Trust in the age of social media: Populist politicians seem more authentic. Soc. Media Soc. 4, 1 (2018), 1--11. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2056305118764430","journal-title":"Soc. Media Soc."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2008.02056.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.114.4.864"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, 121\u2013122","author":"Eyssel Friederike","year":"2013","unstructured":"Friederike Eyssel and Natalia Reich . 2013 . Loneliness makes the heart grow fonder (of robots) - On the effects of loneliness on psychological anthropomorphism . In Proceedings of the ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, 121\u2013122 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/HRI.2013.6483531 Friederike Eyssel and Natalia Reich. 2013. Loneliness makes the heart grow fonder (of robots) - On the effects of loneliness on psychological anthropomorphism. In Proceedings of the ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, 121\u2013122. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/HRI.2013.6483531"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-019-00378-3","article-title":"In AI we trust incrementally: a multi-layer model of trust to analyze human-artificial intelligence interactions","volume":"33","author":"Ferrario Andrea","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andrea Ferrario , Michele Loi , and Eleonora Vigan\u00f2 . 2020 . In AI we trust incrementally: a multi-layer model of trust to analyze human-artificial intelligence interactions . Philos. Technol. 33 , 3 (2020), 523 \u2013 539 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-019-00378-3 Andrea Ferrario, Michele Loi, and Eleonora Vigan\u00f2. 2020. In AI we trust incrementally: a multi-layer model of trust to analyze human-artificial intelligence interactions. Philos. Technol. 33, 3 (2020), 523\u2013539. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-019-00378-3","journal-title":"Philos. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"Disambiguating anthropomorphism: An interdisciplinary review","volume":"9","author":"Fisher John Andrew","year":"1991","unstructured":"John Andrew Fisher . 1991 . Disambiguating anthropomorphism: An interdisciplinary review . Perspect. Ethol. 9 (1991), 49 \u2013 85 . John Andrew Fisher. 1991. Disambiguating anthropomorphism: An interdisciplinary review. Perspect. Ethol. 9 (1991), 49\u201385.","journal-title":"Perspect. Ethol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2006.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Roark","author":"Gillard Ann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ann Gillard and Mark F . Roark . 2013 . Older adolescents\u2019 self-determined motivations to disclose their HIV status. In Journal of Child and Family Studies . 672\u2013683. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10826-012-9620-2 Ann Gillard and Mark F. Roark. 2013. Older adolescents\u2019 self-determined motivations to disclose their HIV status. In Journal of Child and Family Studies. 672\u2013683. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10826-012-9620-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Attachment and trust in artificial intelligence. Comput. Hum. Behav. 115","author":"Gillath Omri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Omri Gillath , Ting Ai , Michael Branicky , Shawn Keshmiri , Rob Davison , and Ryan Spaulding . 2021. Attachment and trust in artificial intelligence. Comput. Hum. Behav. 115 ( 2021 ). DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106607 Omri Gillath, Ting Ai, Michael Branicky, Shawn Keshmiri, Rob Davison, and Ryan Spaulding. 2021. Attachment and trust in artificial intelligence. Comput. Hum. Behav. 115 (2021). DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106607"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/annals.2018.0057"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 578\u2013579","author":"Goetz Jennifer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jennifer Goetz and Sara Kiesler . 2002 . Cooperation with a robotic assistant . In Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 578\u2013579 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/506486.506492 Jennifer Goetz and Sara Kiesler. 2002. Cooperation with a robotic assistant. In Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 578\u2013579. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/506486.506492"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5907.2005.00161.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3524"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720811417254"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21515581.2013.771502"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Harrison and Luis Felipe Luna-Reyes","author":"Teresa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Teresa M. Harrison and Luis Felipe Luna-Reyes . 2020 . Cultivating trustworthy artificial intelligence in digital government. (unpublished). DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0894439320980122 Teresa M. Harrison and Luis Felipe Luna-Reyes. 2020. Cultivating trustworthy artificial intelligence in digital government. (unpublished). DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0894439320980122"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"Roberto V. Zicari, and Andrej Zwitter.","author":"Helbing Dirk","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dirk Helbing , Bruno S. Frey , Gerd Gigerenzer , Ernst Hafen , Michael Hagner , Yvonne Hofstetter , Jeroen Van Den Hoven , Roberto V. Zicari, and Andrej Zwitter. 2018 . Will democracy survive big data and artificial intelligence? In Towards Digital Enlightenment: Essays on the Dark and Light Sides of the Digital Revolution. Springer , Cham, 73\u201398. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-90869-4_7 Dirk Helbing, Bruno S. Frey, Gerd Gigerenzer, Ernst Hafen, Michael Hagner, Yvonne Hofstetter, Jeroen Van Den Hoven, Roberto V. Zicari, and Andrej Zwitter. 2018. Will democracy survive big data and artificial intelligence? In Towards Digital Enlightenment: Essays on the Dark and Light Sides of the Digital Revolution. Springer, Cham, 73\u201398. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-90869-4_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-polisci-100608-104510","article-title":"Quality of government: What you get. Annu","volume":"12","author":"Holmberg S\u00f6ren","year":"2009","unstructured":"S\u00f6ren Holmberg , Bo Rothstein , and Naghmeh Nasiritousi . 2009 . Quality of government: What you get. Annu . Rev. Polit. Sci. 12 (2009), 135 -- 161 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-polisci-100608-104510 S\u00f6ren Holmberg, Bo Rothstein, and Naghmeh Nasiritousi. 2009. Quality of government: What you get. Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci. 12 (2009), 135--61. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-polisci-100608-104510","journal-title":"Rev. Polit. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research and Clinical Applications. Rough Guides","author":"Howe David","unstructured":"David Howe . 2009. Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research and Clinical Applications. Rough Guides , London, UK . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1468017309342543 David Howe. 2009. Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research and Clinical Applications. Rough Guides, London, UK. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1468017309342543"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jopart\/mus037"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445923"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219843604000289"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2012.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00990172","article-title":"Presidential prototypes","volume":"2","author":"Kinder Donald R.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Donald R. Kinder , Mark D. Peters , Robert P. Abelson , and Susan T. Fiske . 1980 . Presidential prototypes . Polit. Behav. 2 , 4 (1980), 315 \u2013 337 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00990172 Donald R. Kinder, Mark D. Peters, Robert P. Abelson, and Susan T. Fiske. 1980. Presidential prototypes. Polit. Behav. 2, 4 (1980), 315\u2013337. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00990172","journal-title":"Polit. Behav."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"Why People Don't Trust Government","author":"King David C.","unstructured":"David C. King . 1997. Why People Don't Trust Government . Harvard University Press , Cambridge, MA . David C. King. 1997. Why People Don't Trust Government. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling","author":"Kline Rex B.","unstructured":"Rex B. Kline . 2015. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling . Guilford , New York, NY . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15353\/cgjsc-rcessc.v1i1.25 Rex B. Kline. 2015. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. Guilford, New York, NY. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15353\/cgjsc-rcessc.v1i1.25"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.50.1.569"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1163\/15700682-12341325","article-title":"Textbooks and critical readings\u2014A challenge for the future: A brief response to Emanuelsson and Ramey","volume":"26","author":"Larsson G\u00f6ran","year":"2014","unstructured":"G\u00f6ran Larsson . 2014 . Textbooks and critical readings\u2014A challenge for the future: A brief response to Emanuelsson and Ramey . Method Theory Study Relig. 26 , 3 (2014), 308 \u2013 314 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/15700682-12341325 G\u00f6ran Larsson. 2014. Textbooks and critical readings\u2014A challenge for the future: A brief response to Emanuelsson and Ramey. Method Theory Study Relig. 26, 3 (2014), 308\u2013314. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/15700682-12341325","journal-title":"Method Theory Study Relig."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3102571"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3103675"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139208967392"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sf\/63.4.967"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09537325.2010.511142"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"Latent Variable Models: An Introduction to Factor, Path, and Structural Equation Analysis","author":"Loehlin John C.","unstructured":"John C. Loehlin and A. Alexander Beaujean . 2016. Latent Variable Models: An Introduction to Factor, Path, and Structural Equation Analysis , 5 th edition. Taylor & Francis , London, UK . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315643199 John C. Loehlin and A. Alexander Beaujean. 2016. Latent Variable Models: An Introduction to Factor, Path, and Structural Equation Analysis, 5th edition. Taylor & Francis, London, UK. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315643199","edition":"5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.30.5.961"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2297651"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","first-page":"118","article-title":"Trust in government","volume":"37","author":"Loudon Richard","year":"2002","unstructured":"Richard Loudon . 2002 . Trust in government . Commun. Dev. J. 37 (2002), 118 \u2013 119 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cdj\/37.1.118 Richard Loudon. 2002. Trust in government. Commun. Dev. J. 37 (2002), 118\u2013119. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cdj\/37.1.118","journal-title":"Commun. Dev. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Do sub-syndromal manic symptoms influence outcome in treatment resistant depression in adolescents? A latent class analysis from the TORDIA study","volume":"138","author":"Maalouf Fadi T.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fadi T. Maalouf , Giovanna Porta , Benedetto Vitiello , Graham Emslie , Taryn Mayes , Gregory Clarke , Karen D. Wagner , Joan Rosenbaum Asarnow , Anthony Spirito , Martin Keller , Boris Birmaher , Neal Ryan , Wael Shamseddeen , Satish Iyengar , and David Brent . 2012 . Do sub-syndromal manic symptoms influence outcome in treatment resistant depression in adolescents? A latent class analysis from the TORDIA study . J. Affect. Disord. 138 , 1 \u2013 2 (2012), 86\u201395. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2011.12.021 Fadi T. Maalouf, Giovanna Porta, Benedetto Vitiello, Graham Emslie, Taryn Mayes, Gregory Clarke, Karen D. Wagner, Joan Rosenbaum Asarnow, Anthony Spirito, Martin Keller, Boris Birmaher, Neal Ryan, Wael Shamseddeen, Satish Iyengar, and David Brent. 2012. Do sub-syndromal manic symptoms influence outcome in treatment resistant depression in adolescents? A latent class analysis from the TORDIA study. J. Affect. Disord. 138, 1\u20132 (2012), 86\u201395. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2011.12.021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.1.2.130"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-008-0181-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Questions for artificial intelligence in health care","volume":"321","author":"Maddox Thomas M.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thomas M. Maddox , John S. Rumsfeld , and Philip R. O. Payne . 2019 . Questions for artificial intelligence in health care . J. Am. Med. 321 (2019), 31 \u2013 32 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2018.18932 Thomas M. Maddox, John S. Rumsfeld, and Philip R. O. Payne. 2019. Questions for artificial intelligence in health care. J. Am. Med. 321 (2019), 31\u201332. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2018.18932","journal-title":"J. Am. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.1.192"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024515519160"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1177\/0971890716672933","article-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) as an analytical technique to assess measurement error in survey research","volume":"20","author":"Mishra Manit","year":"2016","unstructured":"Manit Mishra . 2016 . Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) as an analytical technique to assess measurement error in survey research . Paradigm 20 , 2 (2016), 97 \u2013 112 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0971890716672933 Manit Mishra. 2016. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) as an analytical technique to assess measurement error in survey research. Paradigm 20, 2 (2016), 97\u2013112. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0971890716672933","journal-title":"Paradigm"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","volume-title":"To Save Everything","author":"Morozov Evgeny","unstructured":"Evgeny Morozov . 2014. To Save Everything , Click Here : Technology, Solutionism and the Urge to Fix Problems That Don't Exist. Penguin Books Ltd , London, UK. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/ip-130311 Evgeny Morozov. 2014. To Save Everything, Click Here: Technology, Solutionism and the Urge to Fix Problems That Don't Exist. Penguin Books Ltd, London, UK. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/ip-130311"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taewoo Nam. 2019. Citizen attitudes about job replacement by robotic automation. Futures 109 (2019) 39\u201349. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.futures.2019.04.005  Taewoo Nam. 2019. Citizen attitudes about job replacement by robotic automation. Futures 109 (2019) 39\u201349. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.futures.2019.04.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.futures.2019.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0022-4537.00153"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","first-page":"557","article-title":"How China sees America","volume":"91","author":"Nathan Andrew J.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Andrew J. Nathan and Andrew Scobell . 2012 . How China sees America . Foreign Aff. 91 , 5 (2012), 557 \u2013 573 . Andrew J. Nathan and Andrew Scobell. 2012. How China sees America. Foreign Aff. 91, 5 (2012), 557\u2013573.","journal-title":"Foreign Aff."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icc\/3.1.47"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, 372\u2013377","author":"Nomura Tatsuya","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tatsuya Nomura , Tomohiro Suzuki , Takayuki Kanda , and Kensuke Kato . 2006 . Measurement of anxiety toward robots . In Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, 372\u2013377 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ROMAN.2006.314462 Tatsuya Nomura, Tomohiro Suzuki, Takayuki Kanda, and Kensuke Kato. 2006. Measurement of anxiety toward robots. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, 372\u2013377. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ROMAN.2006.314462"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2770\u20132775","author":"Nonaka Seri","year":"2004","unstructured":"Seri Nonaka , Kenji Inoue , Tatsuo Arai , and Yasushi Mae . 2004 . Evaluation of human sense of security for coexisting robots using virtual reality evaluation of pick and place motion of humanoid robots . In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2770\u20132775 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/robot.2004.1307480 Seri Nonaka, Kenji Inoue, Tatsuo Arai, and Yasushi Mae. 2004. Evaluation of human sense of security for coexisting robots using virtual reality evaluation of pick and place motion of humanoid robots. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2770\u20132775. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/robot.2004.1307480"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2017.09.008","article-title":"The role of attention bias to threat in anxiety: Mechanisms, modulators and open questions","volume":"19","author":"Okon-Singer Hadas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hadas Okon-Singer . 2018 . The role of attention bias to threat in anxiety: Mechanisms, modulators and open questions . Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci. 19 (2018), 26 \u2013 30 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cobeha.2017.09.008 Hadas Okon-Singer. 2018. The role of attention bias to threat in anxiety: Mechanisms, modulators and open questions. Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci. 19 (2018), 26\u201330. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cobeha.2017.09.008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/155534308X284417"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","volume-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 37","author":"Parmesan Camille","year":"2006","unstructured":"Camille Parmesan . 2006 . Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change . Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 37 , (2006) 637\u2013669. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.30000024 Camille Parmesan. 2006. Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 37, (2006) 637\u2013669. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.30000024"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-6566(02)00505-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963662510376886"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.2478\/s13374-013-0140-6","article-title":"Social trust, norms and morality","volume":"23","author":"Popper Miroslav","year":"2013","unstructured":"Miroslav Popper . 2013 . Social trust, norms and morality . Hum. Aff. 23 , 3 (2013), 443 \u2013 457 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/s13374-013-0140-6 Miroslav Popper. 2013. Social trust, norms and morality. Hum. Aff. 23, 3 (2013), 443\u2013457. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/s13374-013-0140-6","journal-title":"Hum. Aff."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2011.567446","article-title":"What is the best measure of psychological reactance? An empirical test of two measures","volume":"27","author":"Quick Brian L.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brian L. Quick . 2012 . What is the best measure of psychological reactance? An empirical test of two measures . Health Commun. 27 , 1 (2012), 1 \u2013 9 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10410236.2011.567446 Brian L. Quick. 2012. What is the best measure of psychological reactance? An empirical test of two measures. Health Commun. 27, 1 (2012), 1\u20139. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10410236.2011.567446","journal-title":"Health Commun."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","volume-title":"Richerson and Morten Christiansen","author":"Peter","year":"2013","unstructured":"Peter J. Richerson and Morten Christiansen . 2013 . Cultural Evolution : Society, Technology, Language, and Religion. MIT Press , Cambridge, MA. Peter J. Richerson and Morten Christiansen. 2013. Cultural Evolution: Society, Technology, Language, and Religion. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/1043463108099349","article-title":"Political corruption and social trust: An experimental approach","volume":"21","author":"Rothstein Bo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bo Rothstein and Daniel Eek . 2009 . Political corruption and social trust: An experimental approach . Ration. Soc. 21 , 1 (2009), 81 \u2013 112 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1043463108099349 Bo Rothstein and Daniel Eek. 2009. Political corruption and social trust: An experimental approach. Ration. Soc. 21, 1 (2009), 81\u2013112. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1043463108099349","journal-title":"Ration. Soc."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1177\/193229681100500217","article-title":"New directions in the use of virtual reality for food shopping: Marketing and education perspectives","volume":"5","author":"Ruppert Barb","year":"2011","unstructured":"Barb Ruppert . 2011 . New directions in the use of virtual reality for food shopping: Marketing and education perspectives . J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 5 , 2 (2011), 315 \u2013 318 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/193229681100500217 Barb Ruppert. 2011. New directions in the use of virtual reality for food shopping: Marketing and education perspectives. J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 5, 2 (2011), 315\u2013318. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/193229681100500217","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Sci. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_95_1","first-page":"58","article-title":"Should we fear supersmart robots? Sci","volume":"314","author":"Russell Stuart","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stuart Russell . 2016 . Should we fear supersmart robots? Sci . Am. 314 , 6 (2016), 58 \u2013 59 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/scientificamerican0616-58 Stuart Russell. 2016. Should we fear supersmart robots? Sci. Am. 314, 6 (2016), 58\u201359. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/scientificamerican0616-58","journal-title":"Am."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2006.00420.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2006.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2007.24348410"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa8501_07"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_100_1","first-page":"47","article-title":"Building trust in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and robotics","volume":"31","author":"Siau Keng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Keng Siau and Weiyu Wang . 2018 . Building trust in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and robotics . Cut. Bus. Technol. J. 31 , 2 (2018), 47 \u2013 53 . Keng Siau and Weiyu Wang. 2018. Building trust in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and robotics. Cut. Bus. Technol. J. 31, 2 (2018), 47\u201353.","journal-title":"Cut. Bus. Technol. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.1976.4.2.273","article-title":"Personality correlates of Machiavellianism: 1. Consensual validation","volume":"4","author":"Skinner Nicholas F.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nicholas F. Skinner , John A. Giokas , and Henry A. Hornstein . 2006 . Personality correlates of Machiavellianism: 1. Consensual validation . Soc. Behav. Personal. Int. J. 4 , 2 (2006), 273 \u2013 276 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2224\/sbp.1976.4.2.273 Nicholas F. Skinner, John A. Giokas, and Henry A. Hornstein. 2006. Personality correlates of Machiavellianism: 1. Consensual validation. Soc. Behav. Personal. Int. J. 4, 2 (2006), 273\u2013276. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2224\/sbp.1976.4.2.273","journal-title":"Soc. Behav. Personal. Int. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polgeo.2005.10.002","article-title":"A neoliberal nexus: Economy, security and the biopolitics of citizenship on the border","volume":"25","author":"Sparke Matthew B.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Matthew B. Sparke . 2006 . A neoliberal nexus: Economy, security and the biopolitics of citizenship on the border . Polit. Geogr. 25 , 2 (2006), 151 \u2013 180 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.polgeo.2005.10.002 Matthew B. Sparke. 2006. A neoliberal nexus: Economy, security and the biopolitics of citizenship on the border. Polit. Geogr. 25, 2 (2006), 151\u2013180. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.polgeo.2005.10.002","journal-title":"Polit. Geogr."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-018-00511-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_104_1","volume-title":"Not as bad as it seems: When the presence of a threatening humanoid robot improves human performance. Sci. Robot. 3, 21","author":"Spatola Nicolas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nicolas Spatola , Cl\u00e9ment Belletier , Alice Normand , Pierre Chausse , Sophie Monceau , Maria Augustinova , Vincent Barra , Pascal Huguet , and Ludovic Ferrand . 2018. Not as bad as it seems: When the presence of a threatening humanoid robot improves human performance. Sci. Robot. 3, 21 ( 2018 ), eaat5843. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scirobotics.aat5843 Nicolas Spatola, Cl\u00e9ment Belletier, Alice Normand, Pierre Chausse, Sophie Monceau, Maria Augustinova, Vincent Barra, Pascal Huguet, and Ludovic Ferrand. 2018. Not as bad as it seems: When the presence of a threatening humanoid robot improves human performance. Sci. Robot. 3, 21 (2018), eaat5843. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scirobotics.aat5843"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-019-00902-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_106_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd Convention of the Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour: Adaptive and Emergent Behaviour and Complex Systems (AISB\u201909)","author":"Syrdal Dag Sverre","unstructured":"Dag Sverre Syrdal , Kerstin Dautenhahn , Kheng Lee Koay , and Michael L. Walters . 2009. The negative attitudes towards robots scale and reactions to robot behaviour in a live human-robot interaction study . In Proceedings of the 23rd Convention of the Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour: Adaptive and Emergent Behaviour and Complex Systems (AISB\u201909) , 109\u2013115. Dag Sverre Syrdal, Kerstin Dautenhahn, Kheng Lee Koay, and Michael L. Walters. 2009. The negative attitudes towards robots scale and reactions to robot behaviour in a live human-robot interaction study. In Proceedings of the 23rd Convention of the Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour: Adaptive and Emergent Behaviour and Complex Systems (AISB\u201909), 109\u2013115."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.1985.tb02269.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_108_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 91\u201399","author":"Valle-Cruz David","unstructured":"David Valle-Cruz , Rodrigo Sandoval-Almazan , Edgar A. Ruvalcaba-Gomez , and J. Ignacio Criado . 2019. A review of artificial intelligence in government and its potential from a public policy perspective . In Proceedings of the ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 91\u201399 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3325112.3325242 David Valle-Cruz, Rodrigo Sandoval-Almazan, Edgar A. Ruvalcaba-Gomez, and J. Ignacio Criado. 2019. A review of artificial intelligence in government and its potential from a public policy perspective. In Proceedings of the ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 91\u201399. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3325112.3325242"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/30036540"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_110_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Adsorption of congo red by three Australian kaolins","volume":"43","author":"Vimonses Vipasiri","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vipasiri Vimonses , Shaomin Lei , Bo Jin , Chris W. K. Chow , and Chris Saint . 2009 . Adsorption of congo red by three Australian kaolins . Applied Clay Science 43 , 3 -- 4 (2009), 465\u2013472. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clay.2008.11.008 Vipasiri Vimonses, Shaomin Lei, Bo Jin, Chris W. K. Chow, and Chris Saint. 2009. Adsorption of congo red by three Australian kaolins. Applied Clay Science 43, 3--4 (2009), 465\u2013472. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clay.2008.11.008","journal-title":"Applied Clay Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/0020852307085733","article-title":"Trust in the public sector: Is there any evidence for a long-term decline","volume":"74","author":"de Walle Steven Van","year":"2008","unstructured":"Steven Van de Walle , Steven Van Roosbroek , and Geert Bouckaert . 2008 . Trust in the public sector: Is there any evidence for a long-term decline ? Int. Rev. Admin. Sci. 74 , 47 \u2013 64 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0020852307085733 Steven Van de Walle, Steven Van Roosbroek, and Geert Bouckaert. 2008. Trust in the public sector: Is there any evidence for a long-term decline? Int. Rev. Admin. Sci. 74, 47\u201364. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0020852307085733","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Admin. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_112_1","volume-title":"Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations","author":"Williams Bernard","unstructured":"Bernard Williams . 2000. Formal structures and social reality . In Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations , Diego Gambetta (Ed.). University of Oxford , Oxford , 3\u201313. Bernard Williams. 2000. Formal structures and social reality. In Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations, Diego Gambetta (Ed.). University of Oxford, Oxford, 3\u201313."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_113_1","first-page":"319","article-title":"Moral and competence-related traits in political perception","volume":"27","author":"Wojciszke Bogdan","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bogdan Wojciszke and Bozena Klusek . 1996 . Moral and competence-related traits in political perception . Pol. Psychol. Bull. 27 , 1 (1996), 319 \u2013 325 . Bogdan Wojciszke and Bozena Klusek. 1996. Moral and competence-related traits in political perception. Pol. Psychol. Bull. 27, 1 (1996), 319\u2013325.","journal-title":"Pol. Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1198\/tas.2008.s98","article-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research","volume":"62","author":"Wood Phil","year":"2008","unstructured":"Phil Wood . 2008 . Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research . The American Statistician 62 , 1 (2008), 91 -- 92 . Phil Wood. 2008. Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. The American Statistician 62, 1 (2008), 91--92.","journal-title":"The American Statistician"}],"container-title":["Digital Government: Research and Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3447954","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3447954","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T21:28:24Z","timestamp":1750195704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3447954"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,11]]},"references-count":114,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3447954"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3447954","relation":{},"ISSN":["2691-199X","2639-0175"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2691-199X","type":"print"},{"value":"2639-0175","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-06-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-07-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}