{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:57:39Z","timestamp":1780448259208,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]],"date-time":"2021-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research","award":["17H00759, 2017-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17H00759, 2017-2020"]}]},{"name":"Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists","award":["17H04706, 2017-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17H04706, 2017-2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016721","name":"Universitas Islam Riau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016721","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005710","name":"Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Indonesia Endownment Fund for Education"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Asian Low-Resour. Lang. Inf. Process."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Creating bilingual dictionary is the first crucial step in enriching low-resource languages. Especially for the closely related ones, it has been shown that the constraint-based approach is useful for inducing bilingual lexicons from two bilingual dictionaries via the pivot language. However, if there are no available machine-readable dictionaries as input, we need to consider manual creation by bilingual native speakers. To reach a goal of comprehensively create multiple bilingual dictionaries, even if we already have several existing machine-readable bilingual dictionaries, it is still difficult to determine the execution order of the constraint-based approach to reducing the total cost. Plan optimization is crucial in composing the order of bilingual dictionaries creation with the consideration of the methods and their costs. We formalize the plan optimization for creating bilingual dictionaries by utilizing Markov Decision Process (MDP) with the goal to get a more accurate estimation of the most feasible optimal plan with the least total cost before fully implementing the constraint-based bilingual lexicon induction. We model a prior beta distribution of bilingual lexicon induction precision with language similarity and polysemy of the topology as\n            <jats:inline-formula>\n              <jats:alternatives>\n                <jats:tex-math>\n                  \n                <\/jats:tex-math>\n              <\/jats:alternatives>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula>\n            and\n            <jats:inline-formula>\n              <jats:alternatives>\n                <jats:tex-math>\n                  \n                <\/jats:tex-math>\n              <\/jats:alternatives>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula>\n            parameters. It is further used to model cost function and state transition probability. We estimated the cost of all investment plans as a baseline for evaluating the proposed MDP-based approach with total cost as an evaluation metric. After utilizing the posterior beta distribution in the first batch of experiments to construct the prior beta distribution in the second batch of experiments, the result shows 61.5% of cost reduction compared to the estimated all investment plans and 39.4% of cost reduction compared to the estimated MDP optimal plan. The MDP-based proposal outperformed the baseline on the total cost.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3448215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]],"date-time":"2021-03-15T18:52:49Z","timestamp":1615834369000},"page":"1-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Plan Optimization to Bilingual Dictionary Induction for Low-resource Language Families"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6283-3217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arbi Haza","family":"Nasution","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitas Islam Riau, Pekanbaru, Riau, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yohei","family":"Murakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toru","family":"Ishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-02777-2_39"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Dynamic Programming","author":"Bellman Richard","unstructured":"Richard Bellman . 2013. Dynamic Programming . Courier Corporation . Richard Bellman. 2013. Dynamic Programming. Courier Corporation."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/92858.92860"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1009386.1010201"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/324898.324983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Very Large Corpora. 173\u2013183","author":"Fung Pascale","year":"1995","unstructured":"Pascale Fung . 1995 . Compiling bilingual lexicon entries from a non-parallel English-Chinese corpus . In Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Very Large Corpora. 173\u2013183 . Pascale Fung. 1995. Compiling bilingual lexicon entries from a non-parallel English-Chinese corpus. In Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Very Large Corpora. 173\u2013183."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/648179.749226"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Gupta and Saralees Nadarajah","author":"Arjun","year":"2004","unstructured":"Arjun K. Gupta and Saralees Nadarajah . 2004 . Handbook of Beta Distribution and Its Applications. CRC Press . Arjun K. Gupta and Saralees Nadarajah. 2004. Handbook of Beta Distribution and Its Applications. CRC Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/662127"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Dynamic Programming and Markov Processes","author":"Howard Ronald A","unstructured":"Ronald A Howard . 1960. Dynamic Programming and Markov Processes . The MIT Press . Ronald A Howard. 1960. Dynamic Programming and Markov Processes. The MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-44832-9_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2018.2701643"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Ethnologue: Languages of the World","author":"Lewis M. Paul","year":"2015","unstructured":"M. Paul Lewis , Gary F. Simons , and Charles D. Fennig ( Eds .) . 2015 . Ethnologue: Languages of the World ( 18 th ed.). SIL International, Dallas, Texas . Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ethnologue.com. M. Paul Lewis, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (Eds.). 2015. Ethnologue: Languages of the World (18th ed.). SIL International, Dallas, Texas. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ethnologue.com.","edition":"18"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","series-title":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series","volume-title":"Indonesia language sphere: An ecosystem for dictionary development for low-resource languages","author":"Murakami Yohei","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yohei Murakami . 2019. Indonesia language sphere: An ecosystem for dictionary development for low-resource languages . In Journal of Physics: Conference Series , Vol. 1192 . IOP Publishing , 01 2001 . Yohei Murakami. 2019. Indonesia language sphere: An ecosystem for dictionary development for low-resource languages. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 1192. IOP Publishing, 012001."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Pivot-based hybrid machine translation to support multilingual communication for closely related languages","volume":"16","author":"Nasution Arbi Haza","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arbi Haza Nasution . 2018 . Pivot-based hybrid machine translation to support multilingual communication for closely related languages . World Trans. Eng. Technol. Educ. 16 , 2 (2018), 12 \u2013 17 . Arbi Haza Nasution. 2018. Pivot-based hybrid machine translation to support multilingual communication for closely related languages. World Trans. Eng. Technol. Educ. 16, 2 (2018), 12\u201317.","journal-title":"World Trans. Eng. Technol. Educ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Yohei Murakami, and Toru Ishida.","author":"Nasution Arbi Haza","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arbi Haza Nasution , Evizal Abdul Kadir , Yohei Murakami, and Toru Ishida. 2020 . Toward Formalization of Comprehensive Bilingual Dictionaries Creation Planning as Constraint Optimization Problem. Springer Singapore , 41\u201354. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-15-2655-8_3 10.1007\/978-981-15-2655-8_3 Arbi Haza Nasution, Evizal Abdul Kadir, Yohei Murakami, and Toru Ishida. 2020. Toward Formalization of Comprehensive Bilingual Dictionaries Creation Planning as Constraint Optimization Problem. Springer Singapore, 41\u201354. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-15-2655-8_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC\u201916)","author":"Nasution Arbi Haza","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arbi Haza Nasution , Yohei Murakami , and Toru Ishida . 2016 . Constraint-based bilingual lexicon induction for closely related languages . In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC\u201916) . 3291\u20133298. Arbi Haza Nasution, Yohei Murakami, and Toru Ishida. 2016. Constraint-based bilingual lexicon induction for closely related languages. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC\u201916). 3291\u20133298."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3138815"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/Culture.and.Computing.2017.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC\u201918)","author":"Nasution Arbi Haza","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arbi Haza Nasution , Yohei Murakami , and Toru Ishida . 2018 . Designing a collaborative process to create bilingual dictionaries of indonesian ethnic languages . In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC\u201918) . European Language Resources Association (ELRA), 3397\u20133404. Arbi Haza Nasution, Yohei Murakami, and Toru Ishida. 2018. Designing a collaborative process to create bilingual dictionaries of indonesian ethnic languages. In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC\u201918). European Language Resources Association (ELRA), 3397\u20133404."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Generating similarity cluster of Indonesian languages with semi-supervised clustering","volume":"9","author":"Nasution Arbi Haza","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arbi Haza Nasution , Yohei Murakami , and Toru Ishida . 2019 . Generating similarity cluster of Indonesian languages with semi-supervised clustering . Int. J. Electric. Comput. Eng. 9 , 1 (2019), 1 \u2013 8 . Arbi Haza Nasution, Yohei Murakami, and Toru Ishida. 2019. Generating similarity cluster of Indonesian languages with semi-supervised clustering. Int. J. Electric. Comput. Eng. 9, 1 (2019), 1\u20138.","journal-title":"Int. J. Electric. Comput. 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